import { spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
import { closeSync, existsSync, ftruncateSync, lstatSync, mkdirSync, opendirSync, openSync, readdirSync, readFileSync, readSync, rmSync, statSync, unlinkSync, writeFileSync, writeSync } from "node:fs";
import { basename, dirname, join, resolve } from "node:path";

import { type UniDeskConfig, repoRoot, rootPath } from "./config";
import { runRemoteGcCommand } from "./gc-remote";

type GcRisk = "low" | "medium" | "high" | "blocked";
type GcItemKind =
  | "file-log-delete"
  | "file-log-compact"
  | "docker-json-log-truncate"
  | "journal-vacuum"
  | "docker-build-cache-prune"
  | "tmp-path-delete"
  | "stale-tmp-path-delete"
  | "browser-cache-delete"
  | "tool-cache-delete"
  | "vscode-server-delete"
  | "vscode-extension-delete"
  | "vscode-cached-vsix-delete"
  | "baidu-staging-file-delete"
  | "state-artifact-file-delete"
  | "state-artifact-dir-delete"
  | "state-stale-scratch-file-delete"
  | "state-stale-scratch-dir-delete"
  | "codex-session-file-delete"
  | "merged-worktree-remove"
  | "vpn-diagnostic-pcap-delete";

interface GcOptions {
  fileLogs: boolean;
  fileLogKeepDays: number;
  fileLogMaxBytes: number;
  fileLogTailBytes: number;
  dockerLogs: boolean;
  dockerLogMaxBytes: number;
  journal: boolean;
  journalTargetBytes: number;
  buildCache: boolean;
  buildCacheUntil: string;
  buildCacheAll: boolean;
  tmp: boolean;
  tmpMinAgeHours: number;
  staleTmp: boolean;
  browserCache: boolean;
  toolCaches: boolean;
  vscodeStaleServers: boolean;
  vscodeKeepServers: number;
  vscodeStaleExtensions: boolean;
  vscodeKeepExtensionVersions: number;
  vscodeCachedVsix: boolean;
  vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays: number;
  baiduStaging: boolean;
  baiduStagingKeepDays: number;
  stateArtifacts: boolean;
  stateArtifactKeepDays: number;
  stateArtifactFileRoots: GcPathRoot[];
  stateArtifactDirRoots: GcPathRoot[];
  stateStaleScratch: boolean;
  stateStaleScratchKeepHours: number;
  stateStaleScratchFileRoots: GcPathRoot[];
  stateStaleScratchDirRoots: GcPathRoot[];
  codexSessions: boolean;
  codexSessionKeepHours: number;
  codexSessionRoot: string;
  mergedWorktrees: boolean;
  worktreeKeepHours: number;
  worktreeMainRoot: string;
  worktreeRoot: string;
  worktreeBaseRef: string;
  worktreeScanBudgetMs: number;
  worktreeCherryCheckTimeoutMs: number;
  worktreeEstimateSizeInPlan: boolean;
  vpnDiagnosticLogs: boolean;
  vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours: number;
  dbSummary: boolean;
  limit: number;
  resultLimit: number;
  full: boolean;
  targetUsePercent: number | null;
}

interface GcPathRoot {
  id: string;
  path: string;
  displayPath: string;
}

interface DbTraceGcOptions {
  beforeDate: string | null;
  types: string[];
  vacuumFull: boolean;
  confirm: boolean;
}

interface GcPolicyOptions {
  dryRun: boolean;
  enableNow: boolean;
}

interface GcPolicyTimerConfig {
  journaldSystemMaxUseBytes: number;
  journaldRuntimeMaxUseBytes: number;
  journaldMaxRetentionSec: string;
  buildCacheUntil: string;
  vpnDiagnosticLogsEnabled: boolean;
  vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours: number;
  stateArtifactsEnabled: boolean;
  stateArtifactKeepDays: number;
  vscodeCachedVsixEnabled: boolean;
  vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays: number;
  limit: number;
  resultLimit: number;
}

interface DiskSnapshot {
  filesystem: string;
  sizeBytes: number;
  usedBytes: number;
  availableBytes: number;
  usePercent: number;
  mount: string;
}

interface GcCandidate {
  id: string;
  kind: GcItemKind;
  risk: GcRisk;
  description: string;
  path?: string;
  container?: { id: string; name: string; image: string };
  sizeBytes: number;
  estimatedReclaimBytes: number;
  action: Record<string, unknown>;
}

interface ProtectedGcItem {
  kind: string;
  risk: "blocked";
  ref: string;
  sizeBytes?: number;
  reason: string;
}

interface GcPlan {
  ok: true;
  action: "gc plan";
  dryRun: true;
  mutation: false;
  observedAt: string;
  options: Record<string, unknown>;
  diskBefore: DiskSnapshot | null;
  summary: {
    candidateCount: number;
    returnedCandidateCount: number;
    protectedCount: number;
    returnedProtectedCount: number;
    estimatedReclaimBytes: number;
    estimatedReclaim: string;
    returnedEstimatedReclaimBytes: number;
    returnedEstimatedReclaim: string;
    byKind: Record<string, { count: number; estimatedReclaimBytes: number; estimatedReclaim: string }>;
    target: GcTargetSummary | null;
  };
  candidates: GcCandidate[];
  protected: ProtectedGcItem[];
  databaseSummary: unknown;
  policy: {
    requiresRunConfirm: true;
    runCommand: string;
    neverTouches: string[];
    notes: string[];
  };
}

interface GcRunResult {
  ok: boolean;
  action: "gc run";
  dryRun: false;
  mutation: true;
  observedAt: string;
  options: Record<string, unknown>;
  diskBefore: DiskSnapshot | null;
  diskAfter: DiskSnapshot | null;
  summary: {
    plannedCandidateCount: number;
    attemptedCount: number;
    succeededCount: number;
    failedCount: number;
    estimatedReclaimBytes: number;
    actualDiskReclaimBytes: number | null;
    resultCount: number;
    returnedResultCount: number;
    omittedResultCount: number;
  };
  results: Array<GcCandidate & { status: "succeeded" | "failed"; reclaimedBytes: number | null; error?: string; commandOutput?: unknown }>;
  protected: ProtectedGcItem[];
}

interface GcTargetSummary {
  targetUsePercent: number;
  currentUsePercent: number;
  basis: string;
  requiredReclaimBytes: number;
  requiredReclaim: string;
  estimatedAfterUsedBytes: number;
  estimatedAfterUsePercent: number;
  shortfallBytes: number;
  shortfall: string;
  safeStop: boolean;
}

const DEFAULT_DB_TRACE_TYPES = ["trace-stats-updated", "trace-step-created", "trace-stats-snapshot"];
const GC_CONFIG_RELATIVE_PATH = "config/unidesk-cli.yaml";
const GC_CONFIG_REF = `${GC_CONFIG_RELATIVE_PATH}#gc`;

const TMP_PREFIX_ALLOWLIST = [
  "hwlab-agent-",
  "hwlab-",
  "hwlab-cd-",
  "hwlab-cli-cicd-",
  "hwlab-codeagent-trace",
  "hwlab-desired-state-",
  "hwlab-main-",
  "hwlab-merge-",
  "hwlab-pr",
  "hwlab-refresh-",
  "hwpod-",
  "playwright-artifacts-",
  "playwright_chromiumdev_profile-",
  "sub2api",
  "trans-d601-pool-",
  "unidesk-",
  "unidesk-clean-",
  "unidesk-code-queue",
  "unidesk-hwlab-cd-",
  "unidesk-pr",
  "unidesk-tran-runner",
  "webterm-",
  "bunx-",
  "claude-",
  "codex-app-schema",
  "codex-app-ts",
  "codex-probe-",
  "mxcx-",
  "marked-",
  "node-compile-cache",
];

const TMP_EXACT_PROTECT = new Set([
  "/tmp/codex-apply-patch",
  "/tmp/codex-ipc",
  "/tmp/tmux-0",
]);

const STALE_TMP_PROTECTED_PREFIXES = [
  ".X",
  ".ICE",
  ".font-unix",
  ".Test-unix",
  "systemd-private-",
  "tmux-",
  "ssh-",
  "vscode-",
];

const TOOL_CACHE_ALLOWLIST = [
  {
    id: "npm-cacache",
    path: "/root/.npm/_cacache",
    description: "Delete npm content-addressable package cache; npm can rebuild it.",
  },
  {
    id: "npm-npx",
    path: "/root/.npm/_npx",
    description: "Delete npx execution cache; npx can rebuild it.",
  },
  {
    id: "playwright-ms-cache",
    path: "/root/.cache/ms-playwright",
    description: "Delete user-level Playwright browser cache; browsers can be reinstalled by Playwright.",
  },
  {
    id: "go-build-cache",
    path: "/root/.cache/go-build",
    description: "Delete Go build cache; Go can rebuild it.",
  },
  {
    id: "go-module-cache",
    path: "/root/go/pkg/mod",
    description: "Delete Go module download cache; Go can re-download modules from project lock/module files.",
  },
  {
    id: "bun-install-cache",
    path: "/root/.bun/install/cache",
    description: "Delete Bun package install cache; Bun can re-download packages on demand.",
  },
  {
    id: "electron-cache",
    path: "/root/.cache/electron",
    description: "Delete Electron download cache; Electron tooling can re-download it.",
  },
  {
    id: "node-gyp-cache",
    path: "/root/.cache/node-gyp",
    description: "Delete node-gyp header cache; node-gyp can re-download it.",
  },
  {
    id: "typescript-cache",
    path: "/root/.cache/typescript",
    description: "Delete TypeScript cache; TypeScript can rebuild it.",
  },
  {
    id: "opencode-cache",
    path: "/root/.cache/opencode",
    description: "Delete OpenCode cache; OpenCode can rebuild it.",
  },
];

const VSCODE_SERVER_ROOT = "/root/.vscode-server/cli/servers";
const VSCODE_EXTENSION_ROOT = "/root/.vscode-server/extensions";
const VSCODE_CACHED_VSIX_ROOT = "/root/.vscode-server/data/CachedExtensionVSIXs";
const BAIDU_STAGING_RELATIVE_ROOT = [".state", "baidu-netdisk", "staging"];
const PROTECTED_STATE_PATHS = [
  { kind: "state-recovery", relativePath: [".state", "recovery"], reason: ".state/recovery is recovery state and is never selected by state artifact retention." },
  { kind: "state-codex-home", relativePath: [".state", "codex-queue", "codex-home"], reason: "Codex home contains sessions/auth/runtime profile state and is never selected by state artifact retention." },
  { kind: "state-deploy-work", relativePath: [".state", "deploy", "work"], reason: "Deploy work state can contain active rollout context and is never selected by state artifact retention." },
  { kind: "baidu-netdisk-state", relativePath: [".state", "baidu-netdisk"], reason: "Baidu Netdisk state and backups are protected; only the separate Baidu staging tarball allowlist can select old PGDATA tarballs." },
  { kind: "runtime-snapshot", relativePath: [".state", "snapshots"], reason: "Runtime snapshots are protected unless a dedicated retention policy classifies them." },
] as const;
const VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT = "/root/vpn-server/logs";
const VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_RING_PCAP_PATTERN = /^hy2-(?:udp|monitor)-ring-\d{14}\.pcap$/u;
const DEFAULT_PATH_SIZE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000;
const STALE_TMP_PATH_SIZE_TIMEOUT_MS = 1_500;
const STALE_TMP_MAX_CANDIDATES = 1_000;

export async function runGcCommand(config: UniDeskConfig, args: string[]): Promise<unknown> {
  const [action = "plan", ...rest] = args;
  if (action === "remote") {
    const [providerId, subaction = "plan", ...remoteArgs] = rest;
    return await runRemoteGcCommand(config, providerId, subaction, remoteArgs);
  }
  if (action === "policy") {
    const [subaction = "plan", ...policyArgs] = rest;
    const options = parseGcPolicyOptions(policyArgs);
    if (subaction === "plan" || subaction === "render" || subaction === "dry-run") return gcPolicyPlan(options);
    if (subaction === "install") return gcPolicyInstall(options);
    return {
      ok: false,
      error: "unsupported-gc-policy-action",
      action: subaction,
      supportedActions: ["plan", "render", "dry-run", "install"],
    };
  }
  if (action === "db-trace" || action === "db-trace-retention") {
    const [subaction = "plan", ...dbArgs] = rest;
    const options = parseDbTraceGcOptions(dbArgs);
    if (subaction === "plan" || subaction === "dry-run") return gcDbTracePlan(options);
    if (subaction === "run") {
      if (!options.confirm) {
        return {
          ok: false,
          error: "gc-db-trace-run-requires-confirm",
          dryRun: true,
          mutation: false,
          requiredFlags: ["--confirm", "--before-date YYYY-MM-DD", "--vacuum-full"],
          planCommand: "bun scripts/cli.ts gc db-trace plan --before-date YYYY-MM-DD",
          runCommand: "bun scripts/cli.ts gc db-trace run --confirm --before-date YYYY-MM-DD --vacuum-full",
        };
      }
      return gcDbTraceRun(options);
    }
    return {
      ok: false,
      error: "unsupported-gc-db-trace-action",
      action: subaction,
      supportedActions: ["plan", "run"],
    };
  }
  if (action === "plan" || action === "dry-run") {
    return gcPlan(config, parseGcOptions(rest));
  }
  if (action === "run") {
    const confirmIndex = rest.indexOf("--confirm");
    if (confirmIndex === -1) {
      return {
        ok: false,
        error: "gc-run-requires-confirm",
        dryRun: true,
        mutation: false,
        requiredFlag: "--confirm",
        planCommand: "bun scripts/cli.ts gc plan",
        runCommand: "bun scripts/cli.ts gc run --confirm",
      };
    }
    const runArgs = rest.filter((arg, index) => index !== confirmIndex);
    return gcRun(config, parseGcOptions(runArgs));
  }
  return {
    ok: false,
    error: "unsupported-gc-action",
    action,
    supportedActions: ["plan", "run", "db-trace", "policy", "remote"],
  };
}

export function gcPlan(config: UniDeskConfig, options: GcOptions | null = null): GcPlan {
  options = options ?? loadGcDefaultOptions();
  const observedAt = new Date().toISOString();
  const candidates: GcCandidate[] = [];
  const protectedItems: ProtectedGcItem[] = [];

  if (options.fileLogs) {
    candidates.push(...collectFileLogCandidates(config, options, observedAt));
  }
  if (options.dockerLogs) {
    candidates.push(...collectDockerLogCandidates(options));
  }
  if (options.journal) {
    const item = collectJournalCandidate(options);
    if (item !== null) candidates.push(item);
  }
  if (options.buildCache) {
    const item = collectBuildCacheCandidate(options);
    if (item !== null) candidates.push(item);
  }
  if (options.tmp) {
    candidates.push(...collectTmpCandidates(options, observedAt));
  }
  if (options.staleTmp) {
    const alreadySelected = new Set(candidates.map((candidate) => candidate.path).filter((path): path is string => path !== undefined));
    candidates.push(...collectStaleTmpCandidates(options, observedAt, alreadySelected));
  }
  if (options.browserCache) {
    const item = collectBrowserCacheCandidate();
    if (item !== null) candidates.push(item);
  } else {
    const path = rootPath(".state", "playwright-browsers");
    if (existsSync(path)) {
      protectedItems.push({
        kind: "browser-cache",
        risk: "blocked",
        ref: path,
        sizeBytes: protectedPathSize(path, options),
        reason: "Playwright browser cache is not removed by default; rerun with --include-browser-cache if this cache is approved for one-time cleanup.",
      });
    }
  }
  if (options.toolCaches) {
    candidates.push(...collectToolCacheCandidates());
  } else {
    protectedItems.push(...collectProtectedToolCaches(options));
  }
  if (options.vscodeStaleServers) {
    candidates.push(...collectVscodeServerCandidates(options));
  } else {
    if (existsSync(VSCODE_SERVER_ROOT)) {
      protectedItems.push({
        kind: "vscode-server-cache",
        risk: "blocked",
        ref: VSCODE_SERVER_ROOT,
        sizeBytes: protectedPathSize(VSCODE_SERVER_ROOT, options),
        reason: "VS Code server versions are not removed by default; rerun with --include-vscode-stale-servers to keep only recent server versions.",
      });
    }
  }
  if (options.vscodeStaleExtensions) {
    candidates.push(...collectVscodeExtensionCandidates(options));
  } else {
    if (existsSync(VSCODE_EXTENSION_ROOT)) {
      protectedItems.push({
        kind: "vscode-extension-cache",
        risk: "blocked",
        ref: VSCODE_EXTENSION_ROOT,
        sizeBytes: protectedPathSize(VSCODE_EXTENSION_ROOT, options),
        reason: "VS Code extension versions are not removed by default; rerun with --include-vscode-stale-extensions to keep only recent versions per extension.",
      });
    }
  }
  if (options.vscodeCachedVsix) {
    candidates.push(...collectVscodeCachedVsixCandidates(options, observedAt));
  } else {
    if (existsSync(VSCODE_CACHED_VSIX_ROOT)) {
      protectedItems.push({
        kind: "vscode-cached-vsix-cache",
        risk: "blocked",
        ref: VSCODE_CACHED_VSIX_ROOT,
        sizeBytes: protectedPathSize(VSCODE_CACHED_VSIX_ROOT, options),
        reason: "VS Code CachedExtensionVSIXs download cache is not removed by default; rerun with --include-vscode-cached-vsix to remove stale cached VSIX files only.",
      });
    }
  }
  if (options.baiduStaging) {
    candidates.push(...collectBaiduStagingCandidates(options, observedAt));
  }
  if (options.stateArtifacts) {
    candidates.push(...collectStateArtifactCandidates(options, observedAt));
  }
  if (options.stateStaleScratch) {
    candidates.push(...collectStateStaleScratchCandidates(options, observedAt));
  }
  if (options.codexSessions) {
    candidates.push(...collectCodexSessionCandidates(options, observedAt));
  }
  if (options.mergedWorktrees) {
    const worktreePlan = collectMergedWorktreeCandidates(options);
    candidates.push(...worktreePlan.candidates);
    protectedItems.push(...worktreePlan.protectedItems);
  }
  if (options.vpnDiagnosticLogs) {
    candidates.push(...collectVpnDiagnosticPcapCandidates(options, observedAt));
  }
  protectedItems.push(...collectProtectedStateArtifacts(options));
  protectedItems.push(...collectProtectedVpnDiagnosticLogs(options));

  protectedItems.push(...collectProtectedStorage(config, options));
  const databaseSummary = options.dbSummary ? collectDatabaseSummary() : { skipped: true, reason: "disabled-by-option" };
  const allCandidates = candidates.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
  const returnedCandidates = options.full ? allCandidates : allCandidates.slice(0, options.limit);
  const returnedProtectedItems = options.full ? protectedItems : protectedItems.slice(0, options.limit);
  const visibleCandidates = options.full ? returnedCandidates : returnedCandidates.map(compactCandidate);
  const visibleProtectedItems = options.full ? returnedProtectedItems : returnedProtectedItems.map(compactProtectedItem);
  const diskBefore = rootDiskSnapshot();
  const summary = summarizeCandidates(allCandidates, returnedCandidates, protectedItems, returnedProtectedItems, diskBefore, options);

  return {
    ok: true,
    action: "gc plan",
    dryRun: true,
    mutation: false,
    observedAt,
    options: publicOptions(options),
    diskBefore,
    summary,
    candidates: visibleCandidates,
    protected: visibleProtectedItems,
    databaseSummary,
    policy: {
      requiresRunConfirm: true,
      runCommand: "bun scripts/cli.ts gc run --confirm",
      neverTouches: [
        "Docker volumes",
        "PostgreSQL PGDATA",
        ".state/recovery",
        ".state/codex-queue/codex-home",
        ".state/deploy/work",
        ".state/baidu-netdisk",
        "Baidu Netdisk staging root by default",
        "D601 registry storage",
        "Docker images used by containers",
        "Codex auth/config state",
        "active or unmerged/dirty worktree/runtime image/snapshot state",
      ],
      notes: [
        "gc run only executes listed one-time cleanup actions after --confirm.",
        options.full ? "Full candidate output requested." : `Default output is capped to ${options.limit} candidates; use --full or --limit N for broader disclosure.`,
        "Tool caches, stale /tmp direct children, stale VS Code server versions, stale VS Code extension versions and stale VS Code cached VSIX downloads are opt-in and require explicit include flags.",
        "Baidu Netdisk staging cleanup is opt-in and only selects old PGDATA backup tarballs under server-data/unidesk-pg-data.",
        "State cleanup is opt-in for manual plan/run; --include-state-artifacts selects historical diagnostic/deploy artifacts, and --include-state-stale-scratch selects only stale allowlisted scratch roots.",
        "Codex session cleanup is opt-in; --include-codex-sessions selects only stale session files under ~/.codex/sessions and never auth/config.",
        "Worktree cleanup is opt-in; --include-merged-worktrees plans inactive .worktree entries whose HEAD is merged into or cherry-equivalent to origin/master, then run rechecks full clean status before removal.",
        "VPN diagnostic pcap cleanup is opt-in and only selects stale hy2 ring pcap files; active pcap files and evidence JSONL are protected.",
        "Database event retention is diagnostic-only in this command; cleanups for oa_events require a backup and a separate schema/retention change.",
        "Docker image cleanup stays under server cleanup plan; gc does not run docker system prune or docker image prune.",
      ],
    },
  };
}

export function gcRun(config: UniDeskConfig, options: GcOptions | null = null): GcRunResult {
  options = options ?? loadGcDefaultOptions();
  const plan = gcPlan(config, options);
  const diskBefore = plan.diskBefore;
  const results: GcRunResult["results"] = [];

  for (const candidate of plan.candidates) {
    try {
      const result = executeCandidate(candidate, options);
      results.push({ ...candidate, status: "succeeded", reclaimedBytes: result.reclaimedBytes, commandOutput: result.commandOutput });
    } catch (error) {
      results.push({
        ...candidate,
        status: "failed",
        reclaimedBytes: null,
        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
      });
    }
  }

  const diskAfter = rootDiskSnapshot();
  const failedCount = results.filter((item) => item.status === "failed").length;
  const estimatedReclaimBytes = plan.summary.returnedEstimatedReclaimBytes;
  const actualDiskReclaimBytes = diskBefore !== null && diskAfter !== null ? diskAfter.availableBytes - diskBefore.availableBytes : null;
  const returnedResults = returnedRunResults(results, options);

  return {
    ok: failedCount === 0,
    action: "gc run",
    dryRun: false,
    mutation: true,
    observedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
    options: publicOptions(options),
    diskBefore,
    diskAfter,
    summary: {
      plannedCandidateCount: plan.candidates.length,
      attemptedCount: results.length,
      succeededCount: results.length - failedCount,
      failedCount,
      estimatedReclaimBytes,
      actualDiskReclaimBytes,
      resultCount: results.length,
      returnedResultCount: returnedResults.length,
      omittedResultCount: Math.max(0, results.length - returnedResults.length),
    },
    results: returnedResults,
    protected: plan.protected,
  };
}

function parseGcOptions(args: string[]): GcOptions {
  const options: GcOptions = loadGcDefaultOptions();
  for (let index = 0; index < args.length; index += 1) {
    const arg = args[index] ?? "";
    if (arg === "--logs-keep-days" || arg === "--file-log-keep-days") {
      options.fileLogKeepDays = parseNonNegativeNumber(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--file-log-max-bytes") {
      options.fileLogMaxBytes = parseSizeOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--file-log-tail-bytes") {
      options.fileLogTailBytes = parseSizeOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--docker-log-max-bytes") {
      options.dockerLogMaxBytes = parseSizeOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--journal-target-size") {
      options.journalTargetBytes = parseSizeOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--build-cache-until") {
      const value = args[++index];
      if (!value || !/^\d+(s|m|h|d)$/u.test(value)) throw new Error(`${arg} must look like 24h, 7d, 30m or 60s`);
      options.buildCacheUntil = value;
    } else if (arg === "--build-cache-all") {
      options.buildCacheAll = true;
    } else if (arg === "--tmp-min-age-hours") {
      options.tmpMinAgeHours = parseNonNegativeNumber(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--include-stale-tmp") {
      options.staleTmp = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-stale-tmp") {
      options.staleTmp = false;
    } else if (arg === "--include-browser-cache") {
      options.browserCache = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-browser-cache") {
      options.browserCache = false;
    } else if (arg === "--include-tool-caches") {
      options.toolCaches = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-tool-caches") {
      options.toolCaches = false;
    } else if (arg === "--include-vscode-stale-servers") {
      options.vscodeStaleServers = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-vscode-stale-servers") {
      options.vscodeStaleServers = false;
    } else if (arg === "--vscode-keep-servers") {
      const value = parseNonNegativeNumber(arg, args[++index]);
      if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value <= 0) throw new Error("--vscode-keep-servers must be a positive integer");
      options.vscodeKeepServers = Math.min(value, 20);
    } else if (arg === "--include-vscode-stale-extensions") {
      options.vscodeStaleExtensions = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-vscode-stale-extensions") {
      options.vscodeStaleExtensions = false;
    } else if (arg === "--vscode-keep-extension-versions") {
      const value = parseNonNegativeNumber(arg, args[++index]);
      if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value <= 0) throw new Error("--vscode-keep-extension-versions must be a positive integer");
      options.vscodeKeepExtensionVersions = Math.min(value, 20);
    } else if (arg === "--include-vscode-cached-vsix") {
      options.vscodeCachedVsix = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-vscode-cached-vsix") {
      options.vscodeCachedVsix = false;
    } else if (arg === "--vscode-cached-vsix-keep-days") {
      options.vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays = parsePositiveIntegerOption(arg, args[++index], 365);
    } else if (arg === "--target-use-percent") {
      options.targetUsePercent = parseUsePercentOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--include-baidu-staging") {
      options.baiduStaging = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-baidu-staging") {
      options.baiduStaging = false;
    } else if (arg === "--baidu-staging-keep-days") {
      options.baiduStagingKeepDays = parsePositiveIntegerOption(arg, args[++index], 3650);
    } else if (arg === "--include-state-artifacts") {
      options.stateArtifacts = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-state-artifacts") {
      options.stateArtifacts = false;
    } else if (arg === "--state-artifact-keep-days") {
      options.stateArtifactKeepDays = parsePositiveIntegerOption(arg, args[++index], 3650);
    } else if (arg === "--include-state-stale-scratch" || arg === "--include-state-stale") {
      options.stateStaleScratch = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-state-stale-scratch" || arg === "--no-state-stale") {
      options.stateStaleScratch = false;
    } else if (arg === "--state-stale-scratch-keep-hours" || arg === "--state-stale-keep-hours") {
      options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours = parsePositiveIntegerCliOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--include-codex-sessions") {
      options.codexSessions = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-codex-sessions") {
      options.codexSessions = false;
    } else if (arg === "--codex-session-keep-hours") {
      options.codexSessionKeepHours = parsePositiveIntegerCliOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--include-merged-worktrees") {
      options.mergedWorktrees = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-merged-worktrees") {
      options.mergedWorktrees = false;
    } else if (arg === "--worktree-keep-hours") {
      options.worktreeKeepHours = parsePositiveIntegerCliOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--worktree-scan-budget-ms") {
      options.worktreeScanBudgetMs = parsePositiveIntegerCliOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--worktree-cherry-check-timeout-ms") {
      options.worktreeCherryCheckTimeoutMs = parsePositiveIntegerCliOption(arg, args[++index]);
    } else if (arg === "--worktree-estimate-size-in-plan") {
      options.worktreeEstimateSizeInPlan = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-worktree-estimate-size-in-plan") {
      options.worktreeEstimateSizeInPlan = false;
    } else if (arg === "--include-vpn-diagnostic-logs") {
      options.vpnDiagnosticLogs = true;
    } else if (arg === "--no-vpn-diagnostic-logs") {
      options.vpnDiagnosticLogs = false;
    } else if (arg === "--vpn-diagnostic-log-keep-hours") {
      options.vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours = parsePositiveIntegerOption(arg, args[++index], 365 * 24);
    } else if (arg === "--no-file-logs" || arg === "--no-logs") {
      options.fileLogs = false;
    } else if (arg === "--no-docker-logs") {
      options.dockerLogs = false;
    } else if (arg === "--no-journal") {
      options.journal = false;
    } else if (arg === "--no-build-cache") {
      options.buildCache = false;
    } else if (arg === "--no-tmp") {
      options.tmp = false;
    } else if (arg === "--no-db-summary" || arg === "--no-db") {
      options.dbSummary = false;
    } else if (arg === "--limit") {
      const value = parseNonNegativeNumber(arg, args[++index]);
      if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value <= 0) throw new Error("--limit must be a positive integer");
      options.limit = Math.min(value, 5000);
    } else if (arg === "--result-limit") {
      const value = parseNonNegativeNumber(arg, args[++index]);
      if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value <= 0) throw new Error("--result-limit must be a positive integer");
      options.resultLimit = Math.min(value, 5000);
    } else if (arg === "--full" || arg === "--raw") {
      options.full = true;
    } else if (arg === "--confirm" || arg === "--dry-run") {
      // handled by caller or accepted as a no-op for plan compatibility
    } else {
      throw new Error(`unknown gc option: ${arg}`);
    }
  }
  if (options.fileLogTailBytes >= options.fileLogMaxBytes) {
    throw new Error("--file-log-tail-bytes must be smaller than --file-log-max-bytes");
  }
  return options;
}

function loadGcDefaultOptions(): GcOptions {
  const configPath = rootPath(GC_CONFIG_RELATIVE_PATH);
  const parsed = yamlRecord(Bun.YAML.parse(readFileSync(configPath, "utf8")) as unknown, GC_CONFIG_RELATIVE_PATH);
  const gc = yamlRecord(parsed.gc, GC_CONFIG_REF);
  const fileLogs = yamlRecord(gc.fileLogs, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.fileLogs`);
  const dockerLogs = yamlRecord(gc.dockerLogs, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.dockerLogs`);
  const journal = yamlRecord(gc.journal, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.journal`);
  const buildCache = yamlRecord(gc.buildCache, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.buildCache`);
  const tmp = yamlRecord(gc.tmp, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.tmp`);
  const browserCache = yamlRecord(gc.browserCache, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.browserCache`);
  const toolCaches = yamlRecord(gc.toolCaches, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.toolCaches`);
  const vscode = yamlRecord(gc.vscode, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode`);
  const vscodeStaleServers = yamlRecord(vscode.staleServers, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.staleServers`);
  const vscodeStaleExtensions = yamlRecord(vscode.staleExtensions, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.staleExtensions`);
  const vscodeCachedVsix = yamlRecord(vscode.cachedVsix, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.cachedVsix`);
  const baiduStaging = yamlRecord(gc.baiduStaging, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.baiduStaging`);
  const stateArtifacts = yamlRecord(gc.stateArtifacts, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateArtifacts`);
  const stateStaleScratch = yamlRecord(gc.stateStaleScratch, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateStaleScratch`);
  const codexSessions = yamlRecord(gc.codexSessions, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.codexSessions`);
  const mergedWorktrees = yamlRecord(gc.mergedWorktrees, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees`);
  const vpnDiagnosticLogs = yamlRecord(gc.vpnDiagnosticLogs, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vpnDiagnosticLogs`);
  const databaseSummary = yamlRecord(gc.databaseSummary, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.databaseSummary`);
  const output = yamlRecord(gc.output, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.output`);
  return {
    fileLogs: yamlBoolean(fileLogs.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.fileLogs.enabled`),
    fileLogKeepDays: yamlPositiveNumber(fileLogs.keepDays, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.fileLogs.keepDays`),
    fileLogMaxBytes: yamlSize(fileLogs.maxBytes, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.fileLogs.maxBytes`),
    fileLogTailBytes: yamlSize(fileLogs.tailBytes, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.fileLogs.tailBytes`),
    dockerLogs: yamlBoolean(dockerLogs.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.dockerLogs.enabled`),
    dockerLogMaxBytes: yamlSize(dockerLogs.maxBytes, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.dockerLogs.maxBytes`),
    journal: yamlBoolean(journal.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.journal.enabled`),
    journalTargetBytes: yamlSize(journal.targetBytes, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.journal.targetBytes`),
    buildCache: yamlBoolean(buildCache.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.buildCache.enabled`),
    buildCacheUntil: yamlDuration(buildCache.until, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.buildCache.until`),
    buildCacheAll: yamlBoolean(buildCache.all, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.buildCache.all`),
    tmp: yamlBoolean(tmp.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.tmp.enabled`),
    tmpMinAgeHours: yamlNonNegativeNumber(tmp.minAgeHours, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.tmp.minAgeHours`),
    staleTmp: yamlBoolean(tmp.includeStale, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.tmp.includeStale`),
    browserCache: yamlBoolean(browserCache.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.browserCache.enabled`),
    toolCaches: yamlBoolean(toolCaches.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.toolCaches.enabled`),
    vscodeStaleServers: yamlBoolean(vscodeStaleServers.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.staleServers.enabled`),
    vscodeKeepServers: yamlPositiveInteger(vscodeStaleServers.keepServers, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.staleServers.keepServers`),
    vscodeStaleExtensions: yamlBoolean(vscodeStaleExtensions.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.staleExtensions.enabled`),
    vscodeKeepExtensionVersions: yamlPositiveInteger(vscodeStaleExtensions.keepVersions, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.staleExtensions.keepVersions`),
    vscodeCachedVsix: yamlBoolean(vscodeCachedVsix.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.cachedVsix.enabled`),
    vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays: yamlPositiveInteger(vscodeCachedVsix.keepDays, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vscode.cachedVsix.keepDays`),
    baiduStaging: yamlBoolean(baiduStaging.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.baiduStaging.enabled`),
    baiduStagingKeepDays: yamlPositiveInteger(baiduStaging.keepDays, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.baiduStaging.keepDays`),
    stateArtifacts: yamlBoolean(stateArtifacts.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateArtifacts.enabled`),
    stateArtifactKeepDays: yamlPositiveInteger(stateArtifacts.keepDays, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateArtifacts.keepDays`),
    stateArtifactFileRoots: yamlStateRoots(stateArtifacts.fileRoots, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateArtifacts.fileRoots`),
    stateArtifactDirRoots: yamlStateRoots(stateArtifacts.dirRoots, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateArtifacts.dirRoots`),
    stateStaleScratch: yamlBoolean(stateStaleScratch.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateStaleScratch.enabled`),
    stateStaleScratchKeepHours: yamlPositiveInteger(stateStaleScratch.keepHours, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateStaleScratch.keepHours`),
    stateStaleScratchFileRoots: yamlStateRoots(stateStaleScratch.fileRoots, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateStaleScratch.fileRoots`),
    stateStaleScratchDirRoots: yamlStateRoots(stateStaleScratch.dirRoots, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.stateStaleScratch.dirRoots`),
    codexSessions: yamlBoolean(codexSessions.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.codexSessions.enabled`),
    codexSessionKeepHours: yamlPositiveInteger(codexSessions.keepHours, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.codexSessions.keepHours`),
    codexSessionRoot: yamlAbsoluteOrRepoPath(codexSessions.root, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.codexSessions.root`),
    mergedWorktrees: yamlBoolean(mergedWorktrees.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees.enabled`),
    worktreeKeepHours: yamlPositiveInteger(mergedWorktrees.keepHours, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees.keepHours`),
    worktreeMainRoot: yamlAbsoluteOrRepoPath(mergedWorktrees.mainRoot, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees.mainRoot`),
    worktreeRoot: yamlAbsoluteOrRepoPath(mergedWorktrees.root, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees.root`),
    worktreeBaseRef: yamlString(mergedWorktrees.baseRef, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees.baseRef`),
    worktreeScanBudgetMs: yamlPositiveInteger(mergedWorktrees.scanBudgetMs, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees.scanBudgetMs`),
    worktreeCherryCheckTimeoutMs: yamlPositiveInteger(mergedWorktrees.cherryCheckTimeoutMs, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees.cherryCheckTimeoutMs`),
    worktreeEstimateSizeInPlan: yamlBoolean(mergedWorktrees.estimateSizeInPlan, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.mergedWorktrees.estimateSizeInPlan`),
    vpnDiagnosticLogs: yamlBoolean(vpnDiagnosticLogs.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vpnDiagnosticLogs.enabled`),
    vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours: yamlPositiveInteger(vpnDiagnosticLogs.keepHours, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.vpnDiagnosticLogs.keepHours`),
    dbSummary: yamlBoolean(databaseSummary.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.databaseSummary.enabled`),
    limit: yamlPositiveInteger(output.limit, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.output.limit`),
    resultLimit: yamlPositiveInteger(output.resultLimit, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.output.resultLimit`),
    full: yamlBoolean(output.full, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.output.full`),
    targetUsePercent: yamlOptionalUsePercent(gc.targetUsePercent, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.targetUsePercent`),
  };
}

function loadGcPolicyTimerConfig(): GcPolicyTimerConfig {
  const configPath = rootPath(GC_CONFIG_RELATIVE_PATH);
  const parsed = yamlRecord(Bun.YAML.parse(readFileSync(configPath, "utf8")) as unknown, GC_CONFIG_RELATIVE_PATH);
  const gc = yamlRecord(parsed.gc, GC_CONFIG_REF);
  const policyTimer = yamlRecord(gc.policyTimer, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer`);
  const journald = yamlRecord(policyTimer.journald, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.journald`);
  const daily = yamlRecord(policyTimer.daily, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily`);
  const vpnDiagnosticLogs = yamlRecord(daily.vpnDiagnosticLogs, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.vpnDiagnosticLogs`);
  const stateArtifacts = yamlRecord(daily.stateArtifacts, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.stateArtifacts`);
  const vscodeCachedVsix = yamlRecord(daily.vscodeCachedVsix, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.vscodeCachedVsix`);
  return {
    journaldSystemMaxUseBytes: yamlSize(journald.systemMaxUse, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.journald.systemMaxUse`),
    journaldRuntimeMaxUseBytes: yamlSize(journald.runtimeMaxUse, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.journald.runtimeMaxUse`),
    journaldMaxRetentionSec: yamlString(journald.maxRetentionSec, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.journald.maxRetentionSec`),
    buildCacheUntil: yamlDuration(daily.buildCacheUntil, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.buildCacheUntil`),
    vpnDiagnosticLogsEnabled: yamlBoolean(vpnDiagnosticLogs.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.vpnDiagnosticLogs.enabled`),
    vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours: yamlPositiveInteger(vpnDiagnosticLogs.keepHours, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.vpnDiagnosticLogs.keepHours`),
    stateArtifactsEnabled: yamlBoolean(stateArtifacts.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.stateArtifacts.enabled`),
    stateArtifactKeepDays: yamlPositiveInteger(stateArtifacts.keepDays, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.stateArtifacts.keepDays`),
    vscodeCachedVsixEnabled: yamlBoolean(vscodeCachedVsix.enabled, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.vscodeCachedVsix.enabled`),
    vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays: yamlPositiveInteger(vscodeCachedVsix.keepDays, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.vscodeCachedVsix.keepDays`),
    limit: yamlPositiveInteger(daily.limit, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.limit`),
    resultLimit: yamlPositiveInteger(daily.resultLimit, `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer.daily.resultLimit`),
  };
}

function yamlRecord(value: unknown, label: string): Record<string, unknown> {
  if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null || Array.isArray(value)) throw new Error(`${label} must be a YAML object`);
  return value as Record<string, unknown>;
}

function yamlString(value: unknown, label: string): string {
  if (typeof value !== "string" || value.length === 0) throw new Error(`${label} must be a non-empty string`);
  if (value.includes("\0")) throw new Error(`${label} must not contain NUL`);
  return value;
}

function yamlBoolean(value: unknown, label: string): boolean {
  if (typeof value !== "boolean") throw new Error(`${label} must be a boolean`);
  return value;
}

function yamlNonNegativeNumber(value: unknown, label: string): number {
  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value) || value < 0) throw new Error(`${label} must be a non-negative number`);
  return value;
}

function yamlPositiveNumber(value: unknown, label: string): number {
  const number = yamlNonNegativeNumber(value, label);
  if (number <= 0) throw new Error(`${label} must be greater than 0`);
  return number;
}

function yamlPositiveInteger(value: unknown, label: string): number {
  const number = yamlPositiveNumber(value, label);
  if (!Number.isInteger(number)) throw new Error(`${label} must be an integer`);
  return number;
}

function yamlSize(value: unknown, label: string): number {
  if (typeof value === "number") {
    if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) throw new Error(`${label} must be a positive byte count`);
    return Math.floor(value);
  }
  if (typeof value !== "string") throw new Error(`${label} must be a size string or positive byte count`);
  const parsed = parseSize(value);
  if (parsed === null || parsed <= 0) throw new Error(`${label} must be a positive size such as 512MiB or 50000000`);
  return parsed;
}

function yamlDuration(value: unknown, label: string): string {
  const duration = yamlString(value, label);
  if (!/^\d+(s|m|h|d)$/u.test(duration)) throw new Error(`${label} must look like 24h, 7d, 30m or 60s`);
  return duration;
}

function yamlOptionalUsePercent(value: unknown, label: string): number | null {
  if (value === null) return null;
  if (value === undefined) throw new Error(`${label} must be set to a number or null`);
  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0 || value >= 100) {
    throw new Error(`${label} must be greater than 0 and smaller than 100, or null`);
  }
  return value;
}

function yamlAbsoluteOrRepoPath(value: unknown, label: string): string {
  const path = yamlString(value, label);
  if (path.includes("..")) throw new Error(`${label} must not contain ..`);
  return resolvePath(path);
}

function yamlStateRoots(value: unknown, label: string): GcPathRoot[] {
  const record = yamlRecord(value, label);
  return Object.entries(record).map(([id, rawPath]) => {
    if (!/^[a-z0-9._-]+$/iu.test(id)) throw new Error(`${label}.${id} must use a simple id`);
    const displayPath = yamlString(rawPath, `${label}.${id}`);
    if (displayPath.startsWith("/") || displayPath.includes("..") || displayPath.includes("\\")) {
      throw new Error(`${label}.${id} must be a repo-relative .state path without ..`);
    }
    if (!displayPath.startsWith(".state/")) throw new Error(`${label}.${id} must start with .state/`);
    return { id, displayPath, path: rootPath(...displayPath.split("/")) };
  });
}

function parseDbTraceGcOptions(args: string[]): DbTraceGcOptions {
  const options: DbTraceGcOptions = {
    beforeDate: null,
    types: [...DEFAULT_DB_TRACE_TYPES],
    vacuumFull: false,
    confirm: false,
  };
  for (let index = 0; index < args.length; index += 1) {
    const arg = args[index] ?? "";
    if (arg === "--before-date") {
      const value = args[++index];
      if (!value || !/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/u.test(value)) throw new Error("--before-date must be YYYY-MM-DD");
      options.beforeDate = value;
    } else if (arg === "--type") {
      const value = args[++index];
      if (!value || !/^[a-z0-9._:-]+$/iu.test(value)) throw new Error("--type must be a simple event type");
      options.types.push(value);
    } else if (arg === "--only-default-trace-types") {
      options.types = [...DEFAULT_DB_TRACE_TYPES];
    } else if (arg === "--vacuum-full") {
      options.vacuumFull = true;
    } else if (arg === "--confirm") {
      options.confirm = true;
    } else if (arg === "--dry-run") {
      // accepted for plan compatibility
    } else {
      throw new Error(`unknown gc db-trace option: ${arg}`);
    }
  }
  if (options.beforeDate === null) throw new Error("--before-date YYYY-MM-DD is required");
  options.types = [...new Set(options.types)];
  return options;
}

function parseGcPolicyOptions(args: string[]): GcPolicyOptions {
  const options: GcPolicyOptions = {
    dryRun: args.includes("--dry-run"),
    enableNow: !args.includes("--no-enable-now"),
  };
  for (const arg of args) {
    if (arg === "--dry-run" || arg === "--no-enable-now") continue;
    throw new Error(`unknown gc policy option: ${arg}`);
  }
  return options;
}

function parseNonNegativeNumber(name: string, raw: string | undefined): number {
  const value = Number(raw);
  if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value < 0) throw new Error(`${name} must be a non-negative number`);
  return value;
}

function parseUsePercentOption(name: string, raw: string | undefined): number {
  const value = Number(raw);
  if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0 || value >= 100) throw new Error(`${name} must be greater than 0 and smaller than 100`);
  return value;
}

function parsePositiveIntegerOption(name: string, raw: string | undefined, max: number): number {
  const value = parseNonNegativeNumber(name, raw);
  if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value <= 0) throw new Error(`${name} must be a positive integer`);
  return Math.min(value, max);
}

function parsePositiveIntegerCliOption(name: string, raw: string | undefined): number {
  const value = parseNonNegativeNumber(name, raw);
  if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value <= 0) throw new Error(`${name} must be a positive integer`);
  return value;
}

function parseSizeOption(name: string, raw: string | undefined): number {
  const value = parseSize(raw ?? "");
  if (value === null || value <= 0) throw new Error(`${name} must be a positive size such as 512M, 1GiB or 50000000`);
  return value;
}

function parseSize(raw: string): number | null {
  const match = raw.trim().match(/^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)\s*(b|k|kb|kib|m|mb|mib|g|gb|gib)?$/iu);
  if (!match) return null;
  const value = Number(match[1]);
  const unit = (match[2] ?? "b").toLowerCase();
  const multiplier =
    unit === "g" || unit === "gb" || unit === "gib" ? 1024 ** 3
      : unit === "m" || unit === "mb" || unit === "mib" ? 1024 ** 2
        : unit === "k" || unit === "kb" || unit === "kib" ? 1024
          : 1;
  const bytes = Math.floor(value * multiplier);
  return Number.isFinite(bytes) ? bytes : null;
}

function publicOptions(options: GcOptions): Record<string, unknown> {
  return {
    configSource: GC_CONFIG_REF,
    fileLogs: options.fileLogs,
    fileLogKeepDays: options.fileLogKeepDays,
    fileLogMaxBytes: options.fileLogMaxBytes,
    fileLogTailBytes: options.fileLogTailBytes,
    dockerLogs: options.dockerLogs,
    dockerLogMaxBytes: options.dockerLogMaxBytes,
    journal: options.journal,
    journalTargetBytes: options.journalTargetBytes,
    buildCache: options.buildCache,
    buildCacheUntil: options.buildCacheUntil,
    buildCacheAll: options.buildCacheAll,
    tmp: options.tmp,
    tmpMinAgeHours: options.tmpMinAgeHours,
    staleTmp: options.staleTmp,
    browserCache: options.browserCache,
    toolCaches: options.toolCaches,
    vscodeStaleServers: options.vscodeStaleServers,
    vscodeKeepServers: options.vscodeKeepServers,
    vscodeStaleExtensions: options.vscodeStaleExtensions,
    vscodeKeepExtensionVersions: options.vscodeKeepExtensionVersions,
    vscodeCachedVsix: options.vscodeCachedVsix,
    vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays: options.vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays,
    baiduStaging: options.baiduStaging,
    baiduStagingKeepDays: options.baiduStagingKeepDays,
    stateArtifacts: options.stateArtifacts,
    stateArtifactKeepDays: options.stateArtifactKeepDays,
    stateArtifactFileRootCount: options.stateArtifactFileRoots.length,
    stateArtifactDirRootCount: options.stateArtifactDirRoots.length,
    stateStaleScratch: options.stateStaleScratch,
    stateStaleScratchKeepHours: options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours,
    stateStaleScratchFileRootCount: options.stateStaleScratchFileRoots.length,
    stateStaleScratchDirRootCount: options.stateStaleScratchDirRoots.length,
    codexSessions: options.codexSessions,
    codexSessionKeepHours: options.codexSessionKeepHours,
    codexSessionRoot: options.codexSessionRoot,
    mergedWorktrees: options.mergedWorktrees,
    worktreeKeepHours: options.worktreeKeepHours,
    worktreeMainRoot: options.worktreeMainRoot,
    worktreeRoot: options.worktreeRoot,
    worktreeBaseRef: options.worktreeBaseRef,
    worktreeScanBudgetMs: options.worktreeScanBudgetMs,
    worktreeCherryCheckTimeoutMs: options.worktreeCherryCheckTimeoutMs,
    worktreeEstimateSizeInPlan: options.worktreeEstimateSizeInPlan,
    vpnDiagnosticLogs: options.vpnDiagnosticLogs,
    vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours: options.vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours,
    dbSummary: options.dbSummary,
    limit: options.limit,
    resultLimit: options.resultLimit,
    full: options.full,
    targetUsePercent: options.targetUsePercent,
  };
}

function collectFileLogCandidates(config: UniDeskConfig, options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  const logsRoot = resolvePath(config.paths.logsDir);
  if (!existsSync(logsRoot)) return [];
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.fileLogKeepDays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const files = collectFiles(logsRoot);
  const candidates: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const file of files) {
    if (!/\.(jsonl|log|txt)$/iu.test(file.path)) continue;
    if (file.sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
    const id = `file-log:${file.path}`;
    if (file.mtimeMs < cutoffMs) {
      candidates.push({
        id,
        kind: "file-log-delete",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Delete UniDesk file log older than ${options.fileLogKeepDays} days`,
        path: file.path,
        sizeBytes: file.sizeBytes,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: file.sizeBytes,
        action: { op: "unlink" },
      });
    } else if (file.sizeBytes > options.fileLogMaxBytes) {
      candidates.push({
        id,
        kind: "file-log-compact",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Compact large UniDesk file log to tail ${formatBytes(options.fileLogTailBytes)}`,
        path: file.path,
        sizeBytes: file.sizeBytes,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: Math.max(0, file.sizeBytes - options.fileLogTailBytes),
        action: { op: "keep-tail", tailBytes: options.fileLogTailBytes },
      });
    }
  }
  return candidates.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectDockerLogCandidates(options: GcOptions): GcCandidate[] {
  const containers = dockerContainers();
  const candidates: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const container of containers) {
    if (!container.logPath || !existsSync(container.logPath)) continue;
    let stat;
    try {
      stat = statSync(container.logPath);
    } catch {
      continue;
    }
    if (stat.size <= options.dockerLogMaxBytes) continue;
    candidates.push({
      id: `docker-json-log:${container.id}`,
      kind: "docker-json-log-truncate",
      risk: "medium",
      description: `Truncate Docker json-file log larger than ${formatBytes(options.dockerLogMaxBytes)}`,
      path: container.logPath,
      container: { id: container.id.slice(0, 12), name: container.name, image: container.image },
      sizeBytes: stat.size,
      estimatedReclaimBytes: stat.size,
      action: { op: "truncate", targetBytes: 0 },
    });
  }
  return candidates.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectJournalCandidate(options: GcOptions): GcCandidate | null {
  const result = command(["journalctl", "--disk-usage"], 5000);
  if (result.exitCode !== 0) return null;
  const currentBytes = parseJournalUsage(result.stdout + result.stderr);
  if (currentBytes === null || currentBytes <= options.journalTargetBytes) return null;
  return {
    id: "journalctl:vacuum",
    kind: "journal-vacuum",
    risk: "medium",
    description: `Vacuum systemd journal to ${formatBytes(options.journalTargetBytes)}`,
    sizeBytes: currentBytes,
    estimatedReclaimBytes: Math.max(0, currentBytes - options.journalTargetBytes),
    action: { command: ["journalctl", `--vacuum-size=${options.journalTargetBytes}`] },
  };
}

function collectBuildCacheCandidate(options: GcOptions): GcCandidate | null {
  const result = command(["docker", "system", "df"], 8000);
  if (result.exitCode !== 0) return null;
  const cache = parseDockerSystemDfBuildCache(result.stdout);
  if (cache === null || cache.reclaimableBytes <= 0) return null;
  return {
    id: "docker-builder:prune",
    kind: "docker-build-cache-prune",
    risk: "low",
    description: options.buildCacheAll ? "Prune all Docker BuildKit cache" : `Prune all Docker BuildKit cache unused for ${options.buildCacheUntil}`,
    sizeBytes: cache.sizeBytes,
    estimatedReclaimBytes: cache.reclaimableBytes,
    action: { command: buildCachePruneCommand(options), estimate: "docker-system-df-reclaimable-upper-bound" },
  };
}

function collectTmpCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  const root = "/tmp";
  if (!existsSync(root)) return [];
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.tmpMinAgeHours * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const entry of readdirSync(root, { withFileTypes: true })) {
    const name = entry.name;
    const path = join(root, name);
    if (TMP_EXACT_PROTECT.has(path)) continue;
    if (!TMP_PREFIX_ALLOWLIST.some((prefix) => name.startsWith(prefix))) continue;
    let stat;
    try {
      stat = lstatSync(path);
    } catch {
      continue;
    }
    if (stat.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs) continue;
    const sizeBytes = safePathSize(path, STALE_TMP_PATH_SIZE_TIMEOUT_MS);
    if (sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
    result.push({
      id: `tmp:${path}`,
      kind: "tmp-path-delete",
      risk: "low",
      description: `Delete allowlisted /tmp path older than ${options.tmpMinAgeHours} hours`,
      path,
      sizeBytes,
      estimatedReclaimBytes: sizeBytes,
      action: { op: "rm-recursive", allowlist: "tmp-prefix" },
    });
  }
  return result.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectStaleTmpCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string, alreadySelected: Set<string>): GcCandidate[] {
  const root = "/tmp";
  if (!existsSync(root)) return [];
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.tmpMinAgeHours * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const candidateLimit = Math.min(options.limit, STALE_TMP_MAX_CANDIDATES);
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  const dir = opendirSync(root);
  try {
    let entry;
    while ((entry = dir.readSync()) !== null && result.length < candidateLimit) {
      const name = entry.name;
      const path = join(root, name);
      if (alreadySelected.has(path)) continue;
      if (TMP_EXACT_PROTECT.has(path)) continue;
      if (isStaleTmpProtectedName(name)) continue;
      if (!entry.isDirectory() && !entry.isFile() && !entry.isSymbolicLink()) continue;
      let stat;
      try {
        stat = lstatSync(path);
      } catch {
        continue;
      }
      if (stat.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs) continue;
      const sizeBytes = safePathSize(path, STALE_TMP_PATH_SIZE_TIMEOUT_MS);
      if (sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
      result.push({
        id: `stale-tmp:${path}`,
        kind: "stale-tmp-path-delete",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Delete one bounded direct /tmp child older than ${options.tmpMinAgeHours} hours`,
        path,
        sizeBytes,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: sizeBytes,
        action: { op: "rm-recursive", allowlist: "tmp-direct-stale", minAgeHours: options.tmpMinAgeHours, boundedByLimit: candidateLimit },
      });
    }
  } finally {
    dir.closeSync();
  }
  return result.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function isStaleTmpProtectedName(name: string): boolean {
  return STALE_TMP_PROTECTED_PREFIXES.some((prefix) => name.startsWith(prefix));
}

function collectBrowserCacheCandidate(): GcCandidate | null {
  const path = rootPath(".state", "playwright-browsers");
  if (!existsSync(path)) return null;
  const sizeBytes = safePathSize(path);
  if (sizeBytes <= 0) return null;
  return {
    id: `browser-cache:${path}`,
    kind: "browser-cache-delete",
    risk: "medium",
    description: "Delete repo-local Playwright browser cache",
    path,
    sizeBytes,
    estimatedReclaimBytes: sizeBytes,
    action: { op: "rm-recursive" },
  };
}

function collectToolCacheCandidates(): GcCandidate[] {
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const item of TOOL_CACHE_ALLOWLIST) {
    if (!existsSync(item.path)) continue;
    const sizeBytes = safePathSize(item.path);
    if (sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
    result.push({
      id: `tool-cache:${item.id}`,
      kind: "tool-cache-delete",
      risk: "medium",
      description: item.description,
      path: item.path,
      sizeBytes,
      estimatedReclaimBytes: sizeBytes,
      action: { op: "rm-recursive", allowlist: "tool-cache" },
    });
  }
  return result.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectProtectedToolCaches(options: GcOptions): ProtectedGcItem[] {
  const result: ProtectedGcItem[] = [];
  for (const item of TOOL_CACHE_ALLOWLIST) {
    if (!existsSync(item.path)) continue;
    result.push({
      kind: "tool-cache",
      risk: "blocked",
      ref: item.path,
      sizeBytes: protectedPathSize(item.path, options),
      reason: "Rebuildable tool cache is not removed by default; rerun with --include-tool-caches for explicit one-time cleanup.",
    });
  }
  return result;
}

function collectVscodeServerCandidates(options: GcOptions): GcCandidate[] {
  if (!existsSync(VSCODE_SERVER_ROOT)) return [];
  const entries = readdirSync(VSCODE_SERVER_ROOT, { withFileTypes: true })
    .filter((entry) => entry.isDirectory() && entry.name.startsWith("Stable-"))
    .flatMap((entry) => {
      const path = join(VSCODE_SERVER_ROOT, entry.name);
      try {
        const stat = lstatSync(path);
        return [{ path, name: entry.name, mtimeMs: stat.mtimeMs, sizeBytes: safePathSize(path) }];
      } catch {
        return [];
      }
    })
    .filter((entry) => entry.sizeBytes > 0)
    .sort((left, right) => right.mtimeMs - left.mtimeMs);
  const stale = entries.slice(options.vscodeKeepServers);
  return stale.map((entry) => ({
    id: `vscode-server:${entry.name}`,
    kind: "vscode-server-delete",
    risk: "medium",
    description: `Delete stale VS Code server version while keeping ${options.vscodeKeepServers} newest versions`,
    path: entry.path,
    sizeBytes: entry.sizeBytes,
    estimatedReclaimBytes: entry.sizeBytes,
    action: { op: "rm-recursive", keepLatest: options.vscodeKeepServers, allowlist: "vscode-server-stable" },
  }));
}

function collectVscodeExtensionCandidates(options: GcOptions): GcCandidate[] {
  if (!existsSync(VSCODE_EXTENSION_ROOT)) return [];
  const groups = new Map<string, Array<{ path: string; name: string; mtimeMs: number; sizeBytes: number }>>();
  for (const entry of readdirSync(VSCODE_EXTENSION_ROOT, { withFileTypes: true })) {
    if (!entry.isDirectory()) continue;
    const extensionId = vscodeExtensionIdFromDirectory(entry.name);
    if (extensionId === null) continue;
    const path = join(VSCODE_EXTENSION_ROOT, entry.name);
    try {
      const stat = lstatSync(path);
      const sizeBytes = safePathSize(path);
      if (sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
      const current = groups.get(extensionId) ?? [];
      current.push({ path, name: entry.name, mtimeMs: stat.mtimeMs, sizeBytes });
      groups.set(extensionId, current);
    } catch {
      // Ignore paths that disappear while gc is planning.
    }
  }
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const [extensionId, entries] of groups.entries()) {
    const stale = entries.sort((left, right) => right.mtimeMs - left.mtimeMs).slice(options.vscodeKeepExtensionVersions);
    for (const entry of stale) {
      result.push({
        id: `vscode-extension:${entry.name}`,
        kind: "vscode-extension-delete",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Delete stale VS Code extension version for ${extensionId} while keeping ${options.vscodeKeepExtensionVersions} newest version(s)`,
        path: entry.path,
        sizeBytes: entry.sizeBytes,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: entry.sizeBytes,
        action: { op: "rm-recursive", keepLatest: options.vscodeKeepExtensionVersions, allowlist: "vscode-extension-version" },
      });
    }
  }
  return result.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function vscodeExtensionIdFromDirectory(name: string): string | null {
  const match = name.match(/^(.+)-(\d+\.\d[\w.+-]*)$/u);
  return match?.[1] ?? null;
}

function collectVscodeCachedVsixCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  if (!existsSync(VSCODE_CACHED_VSIX_ROOT)) return [];
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const entry of readdirSync(VSCODE_CACHED_VSIX_ROOT, { withFileTypes: true })) {
    if (!entry.isFile()) continue;
    if (vscodeExtensionIdFromDirectory(entry.name) === null) continue;
    const path = join(VSCODE_CACHED_VSIX_ROOT, entry.name);
    let stat;
    try {
      stat = lstatSync(path);
    } catch {
      continue;
    }
    if (!stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink() || stat.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs || stat.size <= 0) continue;
    result.push({
      id: `vscode-cached-vsix:${entry.name}`,
      kind: "vscode-cached-vsix-delete",
      risk: "medium",
      description: `Delete stale VS Code CachedExtensionVSIXs download older than ${options.vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays} days`,
      path,
      sizeBytes: stat.size,
      estimatedReclaimBytes: stat.size,
      action: { op: "unlink", allowlist: "vscode-cached-vsix", keepDays: options.vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays, activeCheck: "fuser-before-delete" },
    });
  }
  return result.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectBaiduStagingCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  const root = rootPath(...BAIDU_STAGING_RELATIVE_ROOT);
  const pgdataRoot = join(root, "server-data", "unidesk-pg-data");
  if (!existsSync(pgdataRoot)) return [];
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.baiduStagingKeepDays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const month of readdirSync(pgdataRoot, { withFileTypes: true })) {
    if (!month.isDirectory() || !/^\d{6}$/u.test(month.name)) continue;
    const monthPath = join(pgdataRoot, month.name);
    for (const entry of readdirSync(monthPath, { withFileTypes: true })) {
      if (!entry.isFile() || !/\.pg_basebackup\.tar\.gz$/u.test(entry.name)) continue;
      const path = join(monthPath, entry.name);
      let stat;
      try {
        stat = lstatSync(path);
      } catch {
        continue;
      }
      if (stat.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs || stat.size <= 0) continue;
      result.push({
        id: `baidu-staging:${month.name}/${entry.name}`,
        kind: "baidu-staging-file-delete",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Delete local Baidu Netdisk PGDATA staging backup older than ${options.baiduStagingKeepDays} days`,
        path,
        sizeBytes: stat.size,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: stat.size,
        action: { op: "unlink", allowlist: "baidu-pgdata-staging", keepDays: options.baiduStagingKeepDays },
      });
    }
  }
  return result.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectStateArtifactCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  return [
    ...collectStateArtifactFileCandidates(options, observedAt),
    ...collectStateArtifactDirCandidates(options, observedAt),
  ].sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectStateArtifactFileCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.stateArtifactKeepDays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const rootInfo of options.stateArtifactFileRoots) {
    const root = rootInfo.path;
    if (!isPlainDirectory(root)) continue;
    for (const file of collectFiles(root)) {
      if (file.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs || file.sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
      const relativePath = file.path.slice(resolve(root).length + 1);
      result.push({
        id: `state-artifact-file:${rootInfo.id}:${relativePath}`,
        kind: "state-artifact-file-delete",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Delete stale UniDesk .state artifact file older than ${options.stateArtifactKeepDays} days`,
        path: file.path,
        sizeBytes: file.sizeBytes,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: file.sizeBytes,
        action: { op: "unlink", allowlist: "state-artifact-file", root: rootInfo.displayPath, keepDays: options.stateArtifactKeepDays },
      });
    }
  }
  return result;
}

function collectStateArtifactDirCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.stateArtifactKeepDays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const rootInfo of options.stateArtifactDirRoots) {
    const root = rootInfo.path;
    if (!isPlainDirectory(root)) continue;
    for (const entry of readdirSync(root, { withFileTypes: true })) {
      if (!entry.isDirectory()) continue;
      const path = join(root, entry.name);
      let stat;
      try {
        stat = lstatSync(path);
      } catch {
        continue;
      }
      if (!stat.isDirectory() || stat.isSymbolicLink() || stat.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs) continue;
      const sizeBytes = safePathSize(path);
      if (sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
      result.push({
        id: `state-artifact-dir:${rootInfo.id}:${entry.name}`,
        kind: "state-artifact-dir-delete",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Delete stale UniDesk .state deploy artifact directory older than ${options.stateArtifactKeepDays} days`,
        path,
        sizeBytes,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: sizeBytes,
        action: { op: "rm-recursive", allowlist: "state-artifact-direct-dir", root: rootInfo.displayPath, keepDays: options.stateArtifactKeepDays },
      });
    }
  }
  return result;
}

function collectStateStaleScratchCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  const dirCandidates = collectStateStaleScratchDirCandidates(options, observedAt);
  const selectedDirRoots = dirCandidates
    .map((candidate) => candidate.path)
    .filter((path): path is string => path !== undefined)
    .map((path) => `${resolve(path)}/`);
  const fileCandidates = collectStateStaleScratchFileCandidates(options, observedAt)
    .filter((candidate) => {
      if (candidate.path === undefined) return true;
      const resolved = resolve(candidate.path);
      return !selectedDirRoots.some((root) => resolved.startsWith(root));
    });
  return [...dirCandidates, ...fileCandidates].sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectStateStaleScratchFileCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const rootInfo of options.stateStaleScratchFileRoots) {
    const root = rootInfo.path;
    if (!isPlainDirectory(root)) continue;
    for (const file of collectFiles(root)) {
      if (file.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs || file.sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
      const relativePath = file.path.slice(resolve(root).length + 1);
      result.push({
        id: `state-stale-scratch-file:${rootInfo.id}:${relativePath}`,
        kind: "state-stale-scratch-file-delete",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Delete stale UniDesk .state scratch file older than ${options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours} hours`,
        path: file.path,
        sizeBytes: file.sizeBytes,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: file.sizeBytes,
        action: { op: "unlink", allowlist: "state-stale-scratch-file", root: rootInfo.displayPath, keepHours: options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours },
      });
    }
  }
  return result;
}

function collectStateStaleScratchDirCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const rootInfo of options.stateStaleScratchDirRoots) {
    const root = rootInfo.path;
    if (!isPlainDirectory(root)) continue;
    for (const entry of readdirSync(root, { withFileTypes: true })) {
      if (!entry.isDirectory()) continue;
      const path = join(root, entry.name);
      let stat;
      try {
        stat = lstatSync(path);
      } catch {
        continue;
      }
      if (!stat.isDirectory() || stat.isSymbolicLink() || stat.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs) continue;
      const sizeBytes = safePathSize(path);
      if (sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
      result.push({
        id: `state-stale-scratch-dir:${rootInfo.id}:${entry.name}`,
        kind: "state-stale-scratch-dir-delete",
        risk: "medium",
        description: `Delete stale UniDesk .state scratch directory older than ${options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours} hours`,
        path,
        sizeBytes,
        estimatedReclaimBytes: sizeBytes,
        action: { op: "rm-recursive", allowlist: "state-stale-scratch-direct-dir", root: rootInfo.displayPath, keepHours: options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours },
      });
    }
  }
  return result;
}

function collectCodexSessionCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  if (!isPlainDirectory(options.codexSessionRoot)) return [];
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.codexSessionKeepHours * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const file of collectFiles(options.codexSessionRoot)) {
    if (file.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs || file.sizeBytes <= 0) continue;
    const relativePath = file.path.slice(resolve(options.codexSessionRoot).length + 1);
    result.push({
      id: `codex-session:${relativePath}`,
      kind: "codex-session-file-delete",
      risk: "medium",
      description: `Delete inactive Codex session file older than ${options.codexSessionKeepHours} hours`,
      path: file.path,
      sizeBytes: file.sizeBytes,
      estimatedReclaimBytes: file.sizeBytes,
      action: { op: "unlink", allowlist: "codex-session-file", keepHours: options.codexSessionKeepHours, valuesPrinted: false, activeCheck: "fuser-before-delete" },
    });
  }
  return result.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

interface MergedWorktreePlan {
  candidates: GcCandidate[];
  protectedItems: ProtectedGcItem[];
}

interface GitWorktreeEntry {
  path: string;
  head: string | null;
  branch: string | null;
  detached: boolean;
  bare: boolean;
}

interface GitMergeContext {
  gitRoot: string;
  baseRef: string;
  originMaster: string;
  reachableCommits: Set<string>;
  cherryCheckTimeoutMs: number;
}

function collectMergedWorktreeCandidates(options: GcOptions): MergedWorktreePlan {
  const candidates: GcCandidate[] = [];
  const protectedItems: ProtectedGcItem[] = [];
  const mainRoot = resolve(options.worktreeMainRoot);
  const worktreeRoot = resolve(options.worktreeRoot);
  const currentRoot = resolve(repoRoot);
  const currentCwd = resolve(process.cwd());
  const entries = gitWorktreeEntries(mainRoot);
  const mergeContext = gitMergeContext(mainRoot, options);
  const scanStartedAt = Date.now();
  if (!mergeContext.ok) {
    return {
      candidates,
      protectedItems: entries
        .map((entry) => resolve(entry.path))
        .filter((path) => path.startsWith(`${worktreeRoot}/`))
        .map((path) => protectedPathItem("worktree-merge-context-error", path, mergeContext.reason)),
    };
  }
  for (const entry of entries) {
    const path = resolve(entry.path);
    if (!path.startsWith(`${worktreeRoot}/`)) continue;
    if (Date.now() - scanStartedAt > options.worktreeScanBudgetMs) {
      protectedItems.push(protectedPathItem("worktree-scan-budget-exceeded", path, `Merged worktree scan exceeded YAML budget ${options.worktreeScanBudgetMs}ms; rerun with a larger config/unidesk-cli.yaml#gc.mergedWorktrees.scanBudgetMs or inspect this worktree directly.`));
      continue;
    }
    if (path === currentRoot || path === currentCwd || path === resolve(mainRoot) || entry.bare) {
      protectedItems.push(protectedPathItem("active-worktree", path, "Active/current worktree is protected and is not selected for merged worktree cleanup."));
      continue;
    }
    if (!isPlainDirectory(path)) {
      protectedItems.push(protectedPathItem("worktree-missing", path, "Worktree path is not a plain directory; use git worktree prune/manual audit rather than gc removal."));
      continue;
    }
    if (worktreeHasRecentActivity(path, options.worktreeKeepHours)) {
      protectedItems.push({
        kind: "recent-worktree",
        risk: "blocked",
        ref: path,
        reason: `Worktree has file or directory activity within ${options.worktreeKeepHours} hours.`,
      });
      continue;
    }
    if (entry.head === null) {
      protectedItems.push(protectedPathItem("worktree-head-missing", path, "Worktree HEAD is missing from git worktree list output; gc will not remove it."));
      continue;
    }
    const merge = gitCommitSemanticMergeStatus(mergeContext, entry.head);
    if (!merge.ok) {
      protectedItems.push(protectedPathItem("worktree-merge-check-error", path, merge.reason));
      continue;
    }
    if (!merge.merged) {
      protectedItems.push({
        kind: "unmerged-worktree",
        risk: "blocked",
        ref: path,
        reason: `Worktree HEAD is not merged into or cherry-equivalent to origin/master; unabsorbedCommitCount=${merge.unabsorbedCommitCount}.`,
      });
      continue;
    }
    const sizeBytes = options.worktreeEstimateSizeInPlan ? safePathSize(path, 300) : 0;
    candidates.push({
      id: `merged-worktree:${basename(path)}`,
      kind: "merged-worktree-remove",
      risk: "medium",
      description: `Remove clean merged UniDesk worktree inactive for at least ${options.worktreeKeepHours} hours`,
      path,
      sizeBytes,
      estimatedReclaimBytes: sizeBytes,
      action: {
        op: "git-worktree-remove",
        allowlist: "unidesk-dot-worktree",
        worktreeRoot,
        branch: entry.branch,
        head: entry.head,
        originMaster: merge.originMaster,
        mergeMode: merge.mode,
        planCleanCheck: "deferred-to-run",
        runCleanCheck: "full-status-with-untracked",
        sizeEstimate: options.worktreeEstimateSizeInPlan ? "du" : "deferred-to-run",
        minAgeHours: options.worktreeKeepHours,
      },
    });
  }
  return {
    candidates: candidates.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes),
    protectedItems,
  };
}

function gitWorktreeEntries(mainRoot: string): GitWorktreeEntry[] {
  const result = command(["git", "-C", mainRoot, "worktree", "list", "--porcelain"], 10000);
  if (result.exitCode !== 0) return [];
  const entries: GitWorktreeEntry[] = [];
  let current: GitWorktreeEntry | null = null;
  for (const line of result.stdout.split(/\r?\n/u)) {
    if (line.length === 0) {
      if (current !== null) entries.push(current);
      current = null;
      continue;
    }
    const [key, ...rest] = line.split(" ");
    const value = rest.join(" ");
    if (key === "worktree") {
      if (current !== null) entries.push(current);
      current = { path: value, head: null, branch: null, detached: false, bare: false };
    } else if (current !== null && key === "HEAD") {
      current.head = value;
    } else if (current !== null && key === "branch") {
      current.branch = value.replace(/^refs\/heads\//u, "");
    } else if (current !== null && key === "detached") {
      current.detached = true;
    } else if (current !== null && key === "bare") {
      current.bare = true;
    }
  }
  if (current !== null) entries.push(current);
  return entries;
}

function worktreeHasRecentActivity(path: string, keepHours: number): boolean {
  try {
    const stat = lstatSync(path);
    const cutoffMs = Date.now() - keepHours * 60 * 60 * 1000;
    return stat.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs;
  } catch {
    return true;
  }
}

function gitWorktreeStatus(path: string, includeUntracked = true): { ok: true; clean: boolean; changedPathCount: number } | { ok: false; reason: string } {
  const untrackedMode = includeUntracked ? "all" : "no";
  const result = command(["git", "-C", path, "status", "--porcelain=v1", `--untracked-files=${untrackedMode}`], 5000);
  if (result.exitCode !== 0 || result.timedOut) {
    return { ok: false, reason: result.timedOut ? "git status timed out" : result.stderr.trim() || `git status exited ${result.exitCode}` };
  }
  const lines = result.stdout.trim().length === 0 ? [] : result.stdout.trim().split(/\r?\n/u);
  return { ok: true, clean: lines.length === 0, changedPathCount: lines.length };
}

function gitWorktreeTrackedClean(path: string): { ok: true; clean: boolean } | { ok: false; reason: string } {
  const result = command(["git", "-C", path, "diff-index", "--quiet", "HEAD", "--"], 3000);
  if (result.exitCode === 0) return { ok: true, clean: true };
  if (result.exitCode === 1) return { ok: true, clean: false };
  return { ok: false, reason: result.timedOut ? "git diff-index timed out" : result.stderr.trim() || `git diff-index exited ${result.exitCode}` };
}

function gitMergeContext(gitRoot: string, options: GcOptions): { ok: true } & GitMergeContext | { ok: false; reason: string } {
  const baseRef = options.worktreeBaseRef;
  const base = command(["git", "-C", gitRoot, "rev-parse", "--verify", `${baseRef}^{commit}`], 10000);
  if (base.exitCode !== 0 || base.timedOut) {
    return { ok: false, reason: base.timedOut ? `git rev-parse ${baseRef} timed out` : base.stderr.trim() || `cannot resolve ${baseRef}` };
  }
  const reachable = command(["git", "-C", gitRoot, "rev-list", baseRef], 30000);
  if (reachable.exitCode !== 0 || reachable.timedOut) {
    return { ok: false, reason: reachable.timedOut ? `git rev-list ${baseRef} timed out` : reachable.stderr.trim() || `git rev-list ${baseRef} exited ${reachable.exitCode}` };
  }
  return {
    ok: true,
    gitRoot,
    baseRef,
    originMaster: base.stdout.trim(),
    reachableCommits: new Set(reachable.stdout.trim().length === 0 ? [] : reachable.stdout.trim().split(/\r?\n/u)),
    cherryCheckTimeoutMs: options.worktreeCherryCheckTimeoutMs,
  };
}

function gitWorktreeSemanticMergeStatus(path: string, options: GcOptions): {
  ok: true;
  merged: boolean;
  mode: "ancestor" | "cherry-equivalent" | "unmerged";
  originMaster: string;
  unabsorbedCommitCount: number;
} | { ok: false; reason: string } {
  const head = command(["git", "-C", path, "rev-parse", "--verify", "HEAD^{commit}"], 10000);
  if (head.exitCode !== 0 || head.timedOut) {
    return { ok: false, reason: head.timedOut ? "git rev-parse HEAD timed out" : head.stderr.trim() || "cannot resolve worktree HEAD" };
  }
  const context = gitMergeContext(path, options);
  if (!context.ok) return context;
  return gitCommitSemanticMergeStatus(context, head.stdout.trim());
}

function gitCommitSemanticMergeStatus(context: GitMergeContext, head: string): {
  ok: true;
  merged: boolean;
  mode: "ancestor" | "cherry-equivalent" | "unmerged";
  originMaster: string;
  unabsorbedCommitCount: number;
} | { ok: false; reason: string } {
  if (context.reachableCommits.has(head)) {
    return { ok: true, merged: true, mode: "ancestor", originMaster: context.originMaster, unabsorbedCommitCount: 0 };
  }
  const cherry = command(["git", "-C", context.gitRoot, "rev-list", "--cherry-pick", "--right-only", "--count", `${context.baseRef}...${head}`], context.cherryCheckTimeoutMs);
  if (cherry.exitCode !== 0 || cherry.timedOut) {
    return { ok: false, reason: cherry.timedOut ? "git cherry-equivalence check timed out" : cherry.stderr.trim() || `git rev-list --cherry-pick exited ${cherry.exitCode}` };
  }
  const unabsorbedCommitCount = Number(cherry.stdout.trim());
  if (!Number.isFinite(unabsorbedCommitCount)) return { ok: false, reason: `git rev-list --cherry-pick returned non-numeric count: ${cherry.stdout.trim()}` };
  return {
    ok: true,
    merged: unabsorbedCommitCount === 0,
    mode: unabsorbedCommitCount === 0 ? "cherry-equivalent" : "unmerged",
    originMaster: context.originMaster,
    unabsorbedCommitCount,
  };
}

function collectVpnDiagnosticPcapCandidates(options: GcOptions, observedAt: string): GcCandidate[] {
  if (!existsSync(VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT)) return [];
  const cutoffMs = new Date(observedAt).getTime() - options.vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  const result: GcCandidate[] = [];
  for (const entry of readdirSync(VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT, { withFileTypes: true })) {
    if (!entry.isFile() || !VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_RING_PCAP_PATTERN.test(entry.name)) continue;
    const path = join(VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT, entry.name);
    let stat;
    try {
      stat = lstatSync(path);
    } catch {
      continue;
    }
    if (!stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink() || stat.mtimeMs >= cutoffMs || stat.size <= 0) continue;
    result.push({
      id: `vpn-diagnostic-pcap:${entry.name}`,
      kind: "vpn-diagnostic-pcap-delete",
      risk: "medium",
      description: `Delete stale VPN diagnostic ring pcap older than ${options.vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours} hours`,
      path,
      sizeBytes: stat.size,
      estimatedReclaimBytes: stat.size,
      action: { op: "unlink", allowlist: "vpn-diagnostic-ring-pcap", keepHours: options.vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours, activeCheck: "fuser-before-delete" },
    });
  }
  return result.sort((left, right) => right.estimatedReclaimBytes - left.estimatedReclaimBytes);
}

function collectProtectedStateArtifacts(options: GcOptions): ProtectedGcItem[] {
  const result: ProtectedGcItem[] = [];
  for (const rootInfo of [...options.stateArtifactFileRoots, ...options.stateArtifactDirRoots]) {
    const ref = rootInfo.path;
    result.push(protectedPathItem(
      options.stateArtifacts ? "state-artifact-root" : "state-artifact-retention-disabled",
      ref,
      options.stateArtifacts
        ? "State artifact root is protected as a root; only stale allowlisted files or direct deploy artifact directories are candidates."
        : "State artifact retention is disabled for manual gc by default; rerun with --include-state-artifacts to apply the bounded allowlist.",
    ));
  }
  for (const rootInfo of [...options.stateStaleScratchFileRoots, ...options.stateStaleScratchDirRoots]) {
    result.push(protectedPathItem(
      options.stateStaleScratch ? "state-stale-scratch-root" : "state-stale-scratch-disabled",
      rootInfo.path,
      options.stateStaleScratch
        ? "State stale scratch root is protected as a root; only stale allowlisted files or direct child scratch directories are candidates."
        : "State stale scratch cleanup is disabled for manual gc by default; rerun with --include-state-stale-scratch to apply the YAML allowlist.",
    ));
  }
  for (const item of PROTECTED_STATE_PATHS) {
    result.push(protectedPathItem(item.kind, rootPath(...item.relativePath), item.reason));
  }
  result.push(
    protectedPathItem(
      options.codexSessions ? "codex-session-root" : "codex-sessions-disabled",
      options.codexSessionRoot,
      options.codexSessions
        ? "Codex session root is protected as a root; only inactive session files under the YAML root are candidates."
        : "Codex sessions are not selected by UniDesk gc unless --include-codex-sessions is set.",
    ),
    protectedPathItem("codex-auth", "/root/.codex/auth.json", "Codex auth state is protected and is not selected by UniDesk gc."),
    protectedPathItem("active-worktree", repoRoot, "The active UniDesk worktree is protected; gc never deletes source worktrees as state artifacts."),
    protectedPathItem("runtime-image", "docker-images-used-by-containers", "Runtime Docker images are protected; image cleanup stays under server cleanup plan and container image guards."),
  );
  return result;
}

function protectedPathItem(kind: string, ref: string, reason: string): ProtectedGcItem {
  return {
    kind,
    risk: "blocked",
    ref,
    reason,
  };
}

function collectProtectedVpnDiagnosticLogs(options: GcOptions): ProtectedGcItem[] {
  const result: ProtectedGcItem[] = [];
  if (!existsSync(VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT)) return result;
  if (existsSync(VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT)) {
    result.push({
      kind: options.vpnDiagnosticLogs ? "vpn-diagnostic-log-root" : "vpn-diagnostic-log",
      risk: "blocked",
      ref: VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT,
      sizeBytes: protectedPathSize(VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT, options),
      reason: options.vpnDiagnosticLogs
        ? "VPN diagnostic log root is protected; only stale hy2 ring pcap files are candidate files."
        : "VPN diagnostic logs are not removed by default; rerun with --include-vpn-diagnostic-logs to remove only stale hy2 ring pcap files.",
    });
  }
  const evidencePath = join(VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT, "hy2-server-evidence.jsonl");
  if (existsSync(evidencePath)) {
    result.push({
      kind: "vpn-diagnostic-evidence-log",
      risk: "blocked",
      ref: evidencePath,
      sizeBytes: protectedFileSize(evidencePath, options),
      reason: "Evidence JSONL is an active diagnostic stream and is not removed by gc pcap retention.",
    });
  }
  return result;
}

function collectProtectedStorage(config: UniDeskConfig, options: GcOptions): ProtectedGcItem[] {
  const result: ProtectedGcItem[] = [
    {
      kind: "docker-volume",
      risk: "blocked",
      ref: config.database.volume,
      reason: "PostgreSQL PGDATA is protected; database cleanup requires verified backup and a schema-aware retention plan.",
    },
    {
      kind: "policy",
      risk: "blocked",
      ref: "docker-images-and-volumes",
      reason: "gc does not remove Docker images, containers, volumes or Compose projects.",
    },
  ];
  const baiduStaging = rootPath(".state", "baidu-netdisk", "staging");
  if (existsSync(baiduStaging)) {
    result.push({
      kind: options.baiduStaging ? "baidu-netdisk-staging-root" : "baidu-netdisk-staging",
      risk: "blocked",
      ref: baiduStaging,
      sizeBytes: protectedPathSize(baiduStaging, options),
      reason: options.baiduStaging
        ? "Baidu Netdisk staging root is protected; only selected old PGDATA backup tarballs are candidate files."
        : "Baidu Netdisk staging may contain backups or transfer state and is not touched by gc unless --include-baidu-staging is set.",
    });
  }
  return result;
}

function collectDatabaseSummary(): unknown {
  const dbSize = psql("SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(current_database())) AS database_size;");
  const tables = psql(
    "SELECT nspname || '.' || relname AS relation, pg_total_relation_size(c.oid)::text AS bytes, pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(c.oid)) AS size FROM pg_class c JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace WHERE c.relkind IN ('r','m','t') AND n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog','information_schema') ORDER BY pg_total_relation_size(c.oid) DESC LIMIT 10;",
  );
  return {
    mutation: false,
    note: "database is diagnostic-only in gc; oa_events cleanup is intentionally not automated",
    databaseSize: dbSize.ok ? dbSize.lines[0] ?? null : null,
    largestRelations: tables.ok
      ? tables.lines.map((line) => {
        const [relation, bytes, size] = line.split("|");
        return { relation, bytes: Number(bytes), size };
      })
      : [],
    errors: [dbSize, tables].filter((item) => !item.ok).map((item) => item.error),
  };
}

function psql(sql: string, timeoutMs = 6000): { ok: true; lines: string[] } | { ok: false; error: string } {
  const result = psqlCommand(sql, timeoutMs);
  if (result.timedOut) return { ok: false, error: `psql timed out after ${timeoutMs}ms` };
  if (result.exitCode !== 0) return { ok: false, error: result.stderr.trim() || `psql exited ${result.exitCode}` };
  return { ok: true, lines: result.stdout.trim().length === 0 ? [] : result.stdout.trim().split(/\r?\n/u) };
}

function psqlCommand(sql: string, timeoutMs = 6000): { exitCode: number | null; stdout: string; stderr: string; timedOut: boolean } {
  return command([
    "docker",
    "exec",
    "unidesk-database",
    "psql",
    "-U",
    "unidesk",
    "-d",
    "unidesk",
    "-v",
    "ON_ERROR_STOP=1",
    "-Atc",
    sql,
  ], timeoutMs);
}

function gcDbTracePlan(options: DbTraceGcOptions): unknown {
  const beforeDateSql = sqlLiteral(options.beforeDate ?? "");
  const typesSql = sqlStringArray(options.types);
  const matches = psql(
    `SELECT count(*)::text, coalesce(sum(pg_column_size(payload)),0)::text, pg_size_pretty(coalesce(sum(pg_column_size(payload)),0)) FROM public.oa_events WHERE created_at < ${beforeDateSql}::timestamptz AND type = ANY (${typesSql}::text[]);`,
    120000,
  );
  const remaining = psql(
    `SELECT count(*)::text, coalesce(sum(pg_column_size(payload)),0)::text, pg_size_pretty(coalesce(sum(pg_column_size(payload)),0)) FROM public.oa_events WHERE NOT (created_at < ${beforeDateSql}::timestamptz AND type = ANY (${typesSql}::text[]));`,
    120000,
  );
  const tableSize = psql("SELECT pg_total_relation_size('public.oa_events')::text, pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size('public.oa_events'));");
  return {
    ok: matches.ok && remaining.ok && tableSize.ok,
    action: "gc db-trace plan",
    dryRun: true,
    mutation: false,
    observedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
    options: { beforeDate: options.beforeDate, types: options.types, vacuumFull: options.vacuumFull },
    diskBefore: rootDiskSnapshot(),
    target: parseCountBytes(matches),
    remaining: parseCountBytes(remaining),
    oaEventsTable: parseBytesPretty(tableSize),
    policy: {
      requiresRunConfirm: true,
      requiresVacuumFullForDfReclaim: true,
      runCommand: `bun scripts/cli.ts gc db-trace run --confirm --before-date ${options.beforeDate} --vacuum-full`,
      backupRequired: "Verify recent PostgreSQL basebackup before running.",
      scope: "Deletes only selected trace telemetry event types from public.oa_events before beforeDate.",
    },
    errors: [matches, remaining, tableSize].filter((item) => !item.ok).map((item) => (item as { error: string }).error),
  };
}

function gcDbTraceRun(options: DbTraceGcOptions): unknown {
  if (!options.vacuumFull) {
    return {
      ok: false,
      error: "gc-db-trace-run-requires-vacuum-full",
      dryRun: true,
      mutation: false,
      reason: "Plain DELETE frees rows for PostgreSQL reuse but usually does not lower df; --vacuum-full is required for the explicit disk relief path.",
      runCommand: `bun scripts/cli.ts gc db-trace run --confirm --before-date ${options.beforeDate} --vacuum-full`,
    };
  }
  const plan = gcDbTracePlan(options);
  const before = rootDiskSnapshot();
  const beforeDateSql = sqlLiteral(options.beforeDate ?? "");
  const typesSql = sqlStringArray(options.types);
  const deleted = psqlCommand(
    `DELETE FROM public.oa_events WHERE created_at < ${beforeDateSql}::timestamptz AND type = ANY (${typesSql}::text[]);`,
    10 * 60 * 1000,
  );
  if (deleted.timedOut || deleted.exitCode !== 0) {
    return {
      ok: false,
      action: "gc db-trace run",
      dryRun: false,
      mutation: true,
      observedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
      options: { beforeDate: options.beforeDate, types: options.types, vacuumFull: options.vacuumFull },
      diskBefore: before,
      error: deleted.timedOut ? "delete timed out" : deleted.stderr.trim() || `delete exited ${deleted.exitCode}`,
      plan,
    };
  }
  const vacuum = command([
    "docker",
    "exec",
    "unidesk-database",
    "psql",
    "-U",
    "unidesk",
    "-d",
    "unidesk",
    "-c",
    "VACUUM (FULL, ANALYZE) public.oa_events;",
  ], 20 * 60 * 1000);
  const after = rootDiskSnapshot();
  return {
    ok: vacuum.exitCode === 0,
    action: "gc db-trace run",
    dryRun: false,
    mutation: true,
    observedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
    options: { beforeDate: options.beforeDate, types: options.types, vacuumFull: options.vacuumFull },
    diskBefore: before,
    diskAfter: after,
    summary: {
      deletedRows: parseDeleteCount(deleted.stdout),
      actualDiskReclaimBytes: before !== null && after !== null ? after.availableBytes - before.availableBytes : null,
    },
    vacuum: boundedCommandOutput(vacuum),
    plan,
  };
}

function gcPolicyPlan(options: GcPolicyOptions): unknown {
  const timerConfig = loadGcPolicyTimerConfig();
  const files = gcPolicyFiles();
  return {
    ok: true,
    action: "gc policy plan",
    dryRun: true,
    mutation: false,
    observedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
    options,
    files,
    commands: {
      install: [
        ["mkdir", "-p", "/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d", "/etc/systemd/system"],
        ["systemctl", "daemon-reload"],
        ["systemctl", "enable", "--now", "unidesk-gc.timer"],
      ],
      journalRestart: ["systemctl", "restart", "systemd-journald"],
    },
    policy: {
      configSource: `${GC_CONFIG_REF}.policyTimer`,
      safeScope: [
        "systemd journal caps are rendered from YAML policyTimer.journald",
        `daily timer runs YAML-configured file-log, Docker json logs, ${timerConfig.buildCacheUntil} BuildKit cache, allowlisted /tmp gc, VPN diagnostic pcap retention, UniDesk .state artifact retention and VS Code CachedExtensionVSIXs retention`,
        "timer does not touch PostgreSQL PGDATA, Docker images, Docker volumes, tool caches, installed VS Code servers/extensions, VS Code user data or Baidu Netdisk staging",
        "timer output is redirected under .state/gc and capped by gc --result-limit",
      ],
      manualDbRetention: "gc db-trace remains explicit maintenance and is not scheduled automatically.",
    },
  };
}

function gcPolicyInstall(options: GcPolicyOptions): unknown {
  const plan = gcPolicyPlan(options);
  if (options.dryRun) return plan;
  const files = gcPolicyFiles();
  mkdirSync("/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d", { recursive: true });
  mkdirSync("/etc/systemd/system", { recursive: true });
  mkdirSync(rootPath(".state", "gc"), { recursive: true });
  writeFileSync(files.journald.path, files.journald.content, "utf8");
  writeFileSync(files.service.path, files.service.content, "utf8");
  writeFileSync(files.timer.path, files.timer.content, "utf8");
  const daemonReload = command(["systemctl", "daemon-reload"], 15000);
  const enableTimer = options.enableNow ? command(["systemctl", "enable", "--now", "unidesk-gc.timer"], 15000) : null;
  const restartJournald = command(["systemctl", "restart", "systemd-journald"], 15000);
  const timerStatus = command(["systemctl", "is-enabled", "unidesk-gc.timer"], 5000);
  const activeStatus = command(["systemctl", "is-active", "unidesk-gc.timer"], 5000);
  const results = {
    daemonReload: boundedCommandOutput(daemonReload),
    enableTimer: enableTimer === null ? { skipped: true } : boundedCommandOutput(enableTimer),
    restartJournald: boundedCommandOutput(restartJournald),
    timerStatus: {
      enabled: timerStatus.stdout.trim(),
      active: activeStatus.stdout.trim(),
    },
  };
  const failed = daemonReload.exitCode !== 0
    || restartJournald.exitCode !== 0
    || (enableTimer !== null && enableTimer.exitCode !== 0);
  return {
    ok: !failed,
    action: "gc policy install",
    dryRun: false,
    mutation: true,
    observedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
    options,
    files,
    results,
    plan,
  };
}

function gcPolicyFiles(): Record<string, { path: string; content: string }> {
  const timerConfig = loadGcPolicyTimerConfig();
  const gcStateDir = rootPath(".state", "gc");
  const bunPath = bunExecutablePath();
  const gcArgs = [
    "scripts/cli.ts",
    "gc",
    "run",
    "--confirm",
    "--no-db-summary",
    "--no-journal",
    "--build-cache-until",
    timerConfig.buildCacheUntil,
  ];
  if (timerConfig.vpnDiagnosticLogsEnabled) gcArgs.push("--include-vpn-diagnostic-logs", "--vpn-diagnostic-log-keep-hours", String(timerConfig.vpnDiagnosticLogKeepHours));
  if (timerConfig.stateArtifactsEnabled) gcArgs.push("--include-state-artifacts", "--state-artifact-keep-days", String(timerConfig.stateArtifactKeepDays));
  if (timerConfig.vscodeCachedVsixEnabled) gcArgs.push("--include-vscode-cached-vsix", "--vscode-cached-vsix-keep-days", String(timerConfig.vscodeCachedVsixKeepDays));
  gcArgs.push("--limit", String(timerConfig.limit), "--result-limit", String(timerConfig.resultLimit));
  const gcScript = `cd ${shellQuote(repoRoot)} && mkdir -p ${shellQuote(gcStateDir)} && ${shellQuote(bunPath)} ${gcArgs.map(shellQuote).join(" ")} > ${shellQuote(join(gcStateDir, "last-run.json"))} 2> ${shellQuote(join(gcStateDir, "last-run.stderr"))}`;
  return {
    journald: {
      path: "/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/unidesk-gc.conf",
      content: [
        "[Journal]",
        `SystemMaxUse=${timerConfig.journaldSystemMaxUseBytes}`,
        `RuntimeMaxUse=${timerConfig.journaldRuntimeMaxUseBytes}`,
        `MaxRetentionSec=${timerConfig.journaldMaxRetentionSec}`,
        "",
      ].join("\n"),
    },
    service: {
      path: "/etc/systemd/system/unidesk-gc.service",
      content: [
        "[Unit]",
        "Description=UniDesk low-risk disk garbage collection",
        "Documentation=file:///root/unidesk/docs/reference/cli.md",
        "",
        "[Service]",
        "Type=oneshot",
        `WorkingDirectory=${repoRoot}`,
        `ExecStart=/bin/bash -lc "${systemdDoubleQuoted(gcScript)}"`,
        "",
      ].join("\n"),
    },
    timer: {
      path: "/etc/systemd/system/unidesk-gc.timer",
      content: [
        "[Unit]",
        "Description=Daily UniDesk low-risk disk garbage collection",
        "",
        "[Timer]",
        "OnCalendar=*-*-* 03:20:00",
        "RandomizedDelaySec=20m",
        "Persistent=true",
        "",
        "[Install]",
        "WantedBy=timers.target",
        "",
      ].join("\n"),
    },
  };
}

function bunExecutablePath(): string {
  const candidates = ["/usr/bin/bun", "/root/.bun/bin/bun", process.argv[0] ?? ""];
  for (const candidate of candidates) {
    if (candidate.length > 0 && existsSync(candidate)) return resolve(candidate);
  }
  return "bun";
}

function systemdDoubleQuoted(value: string): string {
  return value
    .replace(/\\/gu, "\\\\")
    .replace(/"/gu, "\\\"")
    .replace(/%/gu, "%%");
}

function shellQuote(value: string): string {
  return `'${value.replace(/'/gu, "'\\''")}'`;
}

function sqlLiteral(value: string): string {
  return `'${value.replace(/'/gu, "''")}'`;
}

function sqlStringArray(values: string[]): string {
  return `ARRAY[${values.map(sqlLiteral).join(",")}]`;
}

function parseCountBytes(result: ReturnType<typeof psql>): unknown {
  if (!result.ok) return null;
  const [count, bytes, pretty] = (result.lines[0] ?? "0|0|0 B").split("|");
  return { count: Number(count), payloadBytes: Number(bytes), payloadSize: pretty };
}

function parseBytesPretty(result: ReturnType<typeof psql>): unknown {
  if (!result.ok) return null;
  const [bytes, pretty] = (result.lines[0] ?? "0|0 B").split("|");
  return { bytes: Number(bytes), size: pretty };
}

function parseDeleteCount(output: string): number | null {
  const match = output.match(/DELETE\s+(\d+)/u);
  return match ? Number(match[1]) : null;
}

function executeCandidate(candidate: GcCandidate, options: GcOptions): { reclaimedBytes: number | null; commandOutput?: unknown } {
  if (candidate.kind === "file-log-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    const before = safeFileSize(candidate.path);
    unlinkSync(candidate.path);
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "file-log-compact" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    return { reclaimedBytes: keepFileTail(candidate.path, options.fileLogTailBytes) };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "docker-json-log-truncate" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    const before = safeFileSize(candidate.path);
    ftruncateFile(candidate.path, 0);
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "tmp-path-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertTmpCandidatePath(candidate.path);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path);
    rmSync(candidate.path, { recursive: true, force: true });
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "stale-tmp-path-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertStaleTmpCandidatePath(candidate.path);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path);
    rmSync(candidate.path, { recursive: true, force: true });
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "browser-cache-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    const expected = rootPath(".state", "playwright-browsers");
    if (resolve(candidate.path) !== resolve(expected)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove unexpected browser cache path: ${candidate.path}`);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path);
    rmSync(candidate.path, { recursive: true, force: true });
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "tool-cache-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertToolCacheCandidatePath(candidate.path);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path);
    rmSync(candidate.path, { recursive: true, force: true });
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "vscode-server-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertVscodeServerCandidatePath(candidate.path);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path);
    rmSync(candidate.path, { recursive: true, force: true });
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "vscode-extension-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertVscodeExtensionCandidatePath(candidate.path);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path);
    rmSync(candidate.path, { recursive: true, force: true });
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "vscode-cached-vsix-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertVscodeCachedVsixCandidatePath(candidate.path);
    assertPathNotOpen(candidate.path);
    const before = safeFileSize(candidate.path);
    unlinkSync(candidate.path);
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "baidu-staging-file-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertBaiduStagingCandidatePath(candidate.path);
    const before = safeFileSize(candidate.path);
    unlinkSync(candidate.path);
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "state-artifact-file-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertStateArtifactFileCandidatePath(candidate.path, options);
    const before = safeFileSize(candidate.path);
    unlinkSync(candidate.path);
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "state-artifact-dir-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertStateArtifactDirCandidatePath(candidate.path, options);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path);
    rmSync(candidate.path, { recursive: true, force: true });
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "state-stale-scratch-file-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertStateStaleScratchFileCandidatePath(candidate.path, options);
    const before = safeFileSize(candidate.path);
    unlinkSync(candidate.path);
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "state-stale-scratch-dir-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertStateStaleScratchDirCandidatePath(candidate.path, options);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path);
    rmSync(candidate.path, { recursive: true, force: true });
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "codex-session-file-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertCodexSessionCandidatePath(candidate.path, options);
    assertPathNotOpen(candidate.path);
    const before = safeFileSize(candidate.path);
    unlinkSync(candidate.path);
    pruneEmptyDirectories(dirname(candidate.path), options.codexSessionRoot);
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "merged-worktree-remove" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertMergedWorktreeCandidatePath(candidate.path, options);
    const before = safePathSize(candidate.path, 15000);
    const result = command(["git", "-C", options.worktreeMainRoot, "worktree", "remove", "--", candidate.path], 60000);
    if (result.exitCode !== 0 || result.timedOut) {
      throw new Error(result.timedOut ? "git worktree remove timed out" : result.stderr.trim() || `git worktree remove exited ${result.exitCode}`);
    }
    return { reclaimedBytes: before, commandOutput: boundedCommandOutput(result) };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "vpn-diagnostic-pcap-delete" && candidate.path !== undefined) {
    assertVpnDiagnosticPcapCandidatePath(candidate.path);
    assertPathNotOpen(candidate.path);
    const before = safeFileSize(candidate.path);
    unlinkSync(candidate.path);
    return { reclaimedBytes: before };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "journal-vacuum") {
    const result = command(["journalctl", `--vacuum-size=${options.journalTargetBytes}`], 30000);
    if (result.exitCode !== 0) throw new Error(result.stderr.trim() || "journalctl vacuum failed");
    return { reclaimedBytes: null, commandOutput: boundedCommandOutput(result) };
  }
  if (candidate.kind === "docker-build-cache-prune") {
    const result = command(buildCachePruneCommand(options), 45000);
    if (result.exitCode !== 0) throw new Error(result.stderr.trim() || "docker builder prune failed");
    return { reclaimedBytes: null, commandOutput: boundedCommandOutput(result) };
  }
  throw new Error(`unsupported gc candidate kind: ${candidate.kind}`);
}

function buildCachePruneCommand(options: GcOptions): string[] {
  const commandArgs = ["docker", "builder", "prune", "--all", "--force"];
  if (!options.buildCacheAll) commandArgs.push("--filter", `until=${options.buildCacheUntil}`);
  return commandArgs;
}

function keepFileTail(path: string, tailBytes: number): number {
  const before = safeFileSize(path);
  if (before <= tailBytes) return 0;
  const bytesToRead = Math.min(before, tailBytes);
  const fd = openSync(path, "r+");
  const buffer = Buffer.alloc(bytesToRead);
  try {
    readSync(fd, buffer, 0, bytesToRead, before - bytesToRead);
    ftruncateSync(fd, 0);
    writeSync(fd, buffer, 0, bytesToRead, 0);
    ftruncateSync(fd, bytesToRead);
  } finally {
    closeSync(fd);
  }
  return Math.max(0, before - bytesToRead);
}

function ftruncateFile(path: string, size: number): void {
  const fd = openSync(path, "r+");
  try {
    ftruncateSync(fd, size);
  } finally {
    closeSync(fd);
  }
}

function pruneEmptyDirectories(startPath: string, stopRoot: string): void {
  const root = resolve(stopRoot);
  let current = resolve(startPath);
  while (current.startsWith(`${root}/`)) {
    try {
      const entries = readdirSync(current);
      if (entries.length > 0) return;
      rmSync(current, { recursive: false, force: false });
    } catch {
      return;
    }
    current = dirname(current);
  }
}

function assertTmpCandidatePath(path: string): void {
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  if (!resolved.startsWith("/tmp/")) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-/tmp path: ${path}`);
  if (TMP_EXACT_PROTECT.has(resolved)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove protected tmp path: ${path}`);
  const name = basename(resolved);
  if (!TMP_PREFIX_ALLOWLIST.some((prefix) => name.startsWith(prefix))) {
    throw new Error(`refusing to remove tmp path outside allowlist: ${path}`);
  }
}

function assertStaleTmpCandidatePath(path: string): void {
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  if (!resolved.startsWith("/tmp/")) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-/tmp path: ${path}`);
  if (TMP_EXACT_PROTECT.has(resolved)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove protected tmp path: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice("/tmp/".length);
  if (relativePath.length === 0 || relativePath.includes("/")) throw new Error(`refusing to remove nested tmp path: ${path}`);
  const name = basename(resolved);
  if (isStaleTmpProtectedName(name)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove protected stale tmp path: ${path}`);
}

function assertToolCacheCandidatePath(path: string): void {
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const allowed = TOOL_CACHE_ALLOWLIST.some((item) => resolve(item.path) === resolved);
  if (!allowed) throw new Error(`refusing to remove tool cache path outside allowlist: ${path}`);
}

function assertVscodeServerCandidatePath(path: string): void {
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = resolve(VSCODE_SERVER_ROOT);
  if (!resolved.startsWith(`${root}/`)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove VS Code server outside server root: ${path}`);
  const name = basename(resolved);
  if (!/^Stable-[a-f0-9]{40}$/u.test(name)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove unexpected VS Code server name: ${path}`);
}

function assertVscodeExtensionCandidatePath(path: string): void {
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = resolve(VSCODE_EXTENSION_ROOT);
  if (!resolved.startsWith(`${root}/`)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove VS Code extension outside extension root: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice(root.length + 1);
  if (relativePath.includes("/")) throw new Error(`refusing to remove nested VS Code extension path: ${path}`);
  if (vscodeExtensionIdFromDirectory(basename(resolved)) === null) throw new Error(`refusing to remove unexpected VS Code extension directory: ${path}`);
}

function assertVscodeCachedVsixCandidatePath(path: string): void {
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = resolve(VSCODE_CACHED_VSIX_ROOT);
  if (!resolved.startsWith(`${root}/`)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove VS Code cached VSIX outside cache root: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice(root.length + 1);
  if (relativePath.includes("/")) throw new Error(`refusing to remove nested VS Code cached VSIX path: ${path}`);
  if (vscodeExtensionIdFromDirectory(basename(resolved)) === null) throw new Error(`refusing to remove unexpected VS Code cached VSIX name: ${path}`);
  const stat = lstatSync(resolved);
  if (!stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-regular VS Code cached VSIX: ${path}`);
}

function assertBaiduStagingCandidatePath(path: string): void {
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = resolve(rootPath(...BAIDU_STAGING_RELATIVE_ROOT, "server-data", "unidesk-pg-data"));
  if (!resolved.startsWith(`${root}/`)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove Baidu staging file outside PGDATA staging root: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice(root.length + 1);
  if (!/^\d{6}\/[^/]+\.pg_basebackup\.tar\.gz$/u.test(relativePath)) {
    throw new Error(`refusing to remove unexpected Baidu staging file: ${path}`);
  }
}

function assertStateArtifactFileCandidatePath(path: string, options: GcOptions): void {
  if (!options.stateArtifacts) throw new Error("refusing to remove state artifact without --include-state-artifacts");
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = matchingConfiguredRoot(resolved, options.stateArtifactFileRoots);
  if (root === null) throw new Error(`refusing to remove state artifact file outside allowlist: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice(root.length + 1);
  if (relativePath.length === 0) throw new Error(`refusing to remove state artifact root as file: ${path}`);
  const stat = lstatSync(resolved);
  if (!stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-regular state artifact file: ${path}`);
  assertStateArtifactAge(stat.mtimeMs, options.stateArtifactKeepDays, path);
}

function assertStateArtifactDirCandidatePath(path: string, options: GcOptions): void {
  if (!options.stateArtifacts) throw new Error("refusing to remove state artifact directory without --include-state-artifacts");
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = matchingConfiguredRoot(resolved, options.stateArtifactDirRoots);
  if (root === null) throw new Error(`refusing to remove state artifact directory outside allowlist: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice(root.length + 1);
  if (relativePath.length === 0 || relativePath.includes("/")) {
    throw new Error(`refusing to remove nested or root state artifact directory: ${path}`);
  }
  const stat = lstatSync(resolved);
  if (!stat.isDirectory() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-directory state artifact path: ${path}`);
  assertStateArtifactAge(stat.mtimeMs, options.stateArtifactKeepDays, path);
}

function assertStateStaleScratchFileCandidatePath(path: string, options: GcOptions): void {
  if (!options.stateStaleScratch) throw new Error("refusing to remove state stale scratch without --include-state-stale-scratch");
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = matchingConfiguredRoot(resolved, options.stateStaleScratchFileRoots);
  if (root === null) throw new Error(`refusing to remove state stale scratch file outside allowlist: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice(root.length + 1);
  if (relativePath.length === 0) throw new Error(`refusing to remove state stale scratch root as file: ${path}`);
  const stat = lstatSync(resolved);
  if (!stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-regular state stale scratch file: ${path}`);
  assertAgeHours(stat.mtimeMs, options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours, path, "state stale scratch file");
}

function assertStateStaleScratchDirCandidatePath(path: string, options: GcOptions): void {
  if (!options.stateStaleScratch) throw new Error("refusing to remove state stale scratch directory without --include-state-stale-scratch");
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = matchingConfiguredRoot(resolved, options.stateStaleScratchDirRoots);
  if (root === null) throw new Error(`refusing to remove state stale scratch directory outside allowlist: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice(root.length + 1);
  if (relativePath.length === 0 || relativePath.includes("/")) {
    throw new Error(`refusing to remove nested or root state stale scratch directory: ${path}`);
  }
  const stat = lstatSync(resolved);
  if (!stat.isDirectory() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-directory state stale scratch path: ${path}`);
  assertAgeHours(stat.mtimeMs, options.stateStaleScratchKeepHours, path, "state stale scratch directory");
}

function assertCodexSessionCandidatePath(path: string, options: GcOptions): void {
  if (!options.codexSessions) throw new Error("refusing to remove Codex session without --include-codex-sessions");
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = resolve(options.codexSessionRoot);
  if (!resolved.startsWith(`${root}/`)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove Codex session outside YAML root: ${path}`);
  const stat = lstatSync(resolved);
  if (!stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-regular Codex session file: ${path}`);
  assertAgeHours(stat.mtimeMs, options.codexSessionKeepHours, path, "Codex session");
}

function assertMergedWorktreeCandidatePath(path: string, options: GcOptions): void {
  if (!options.mergedWorktrees) throw new Error("refusing to remove worktree without --include-merged-worktrees");
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = resolve(options.worktreeRoot);
  if (!resolved.startsWith(`${root}/`)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove worktree outside YAML root: ${path}`);
  if (resolved === resolve(options.worktreeMainRoot) || resolved === resolve(repoRoot) || resolved === resolve(process.cwd())) {
    throw new Error(`refusing to remove active/main worktree: ${path}`);
  }
  if (!isPlainDirectory(resolved)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-directory worktree path: ${path}`);
  if (worktreeHasRecentActivity(resolved, options.worktreeKeepHours)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove worktree active within ${options.worktreeKeepHours} hours: ${path}`);
  const status = gitWorktreeStatus(resolved);
  if (!status.ok) throw new Error(status.reason);
  if (!status.clean) throw new Error(`refusing to remove dirty worktree with ${status.changedPathCount} changed path(s): ${path}`);
  const merge = gitWorktreeSemanticMergeStatus(resolved, options);
  if (!merge.ok) throw new Error(merge.reason);
  if (!merge.merged) throw new Error(`refusing to remove unmerged worktree; unabsorbedCommitCount=${merge.unabsorbedCommitCount}: ${path}`);
}

function matchingConfiguredRoot(resolved: string, roots: GcPathRoot[]): string | null {
  for (const rootInfo of roots) {
    const root = resolve(rootInfo.path);
    if (!isPlainDirectory(root)) continue;
    if (resolved.startsWith(`${root}/`)) return root;
  }
  return null;
}

function assertStateArtifactAge(mtimeMs: number, keepDays: number, path: string): void {
  const cutoffMs = Date.now() - keepDays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  if (mtimeMs >= cutoffMs) throw new Error(`refusing to remove state artifact newer than ${keepDays} days: ${path}`);
}

function assertAgeHours(mtimeMs: number, keepHours: number, path: string, label: string): void {
  const cutoffMs = Date.now() - keepHours * 60 * 60 * 1000;
  if (mtimeMs >= cutoffMs) throw new Error(`refusing to remove ${label} newer than ${keepHours} hours: ${path}`);
}

function assertVpnDiagnosticPcapCandidatePath(path: string): void {
  const resolved = resolve(path);
  const root = resolve(VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_LOG_ROOT);
  if (!resolved.startsWith(`${root}/`)) throw new Error(`refusing to remove VPN diagnostic pcap outside log root: ${path}`);
  const relativePath = resolved.slice(root.length + 1);
  if (relativePath.includes("/")) throw new Error(`refusing to remove nested VPN diagnostic path: ${path}`);
  if (!VPN_DIAGNOSTIC_RING_PCAP_PATTERN.test(basename(resolved))) throw new Error(`refusing to remove unexpected VPN diagnostic pcap name: ${path}`);
  const stat = lstatSync(resolved);
  if (!stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) throw new Error(`refusing to remove non-regular VPN diagnostic pcap: ${path}`);
}

function assertPathNotOpen(path: string): void {
  const result = command(["fuser", "--", path], 1000);
  if (result.exitCode === 0) throw new Error(`refusing to remove active file still open by a process: ${path}`);
  if (result.timedOut) throw new Error(`refusing to remove file because active-file check timed out: ${path}`);
  if (result.exitCode !== 1) {
    const detail = (result.stderr || result.stdout).trim();
    throw new Error(`refusing to remove file because active-file check failed: ${detail || path}`);
  }
}

function compactCandidate(candidate: GcCandidate): GcCandidate {
  return {
    ...candidate,
    description: truncateText(candidate.description, 140),
    action: { omitted: true, drillDown: "rerun with --full or --raw" },
  };
}

function compactProtectedItem(item: ProtectedGcItem): ProtectedGcItem {
  return {
    ...item,
    reason: truncateText(item.reason, 140),
  };
}

function truncateText(value: string, maxLength: number): string {
  if (value.length <= maxLength) return value;
  return `${value.slice(0, Math.max(0, maxLength - 3))}...`;
}

function summarizeCandidates(
  candidates: GcCandidate[],
  returnedCandidates: GcCandidate[],
  protectedItems: ProtectedGcItem[],
  returnedProtectedItems: ProtectedGcItem[],
  diskBefore: DiskSnapshot | null,
  options: GcOptions,
): GcPlan["summary"] {
  const byKind: GcPlan["summary"]["byKind"] = {};
  let estimatedReclaimBytes = 0;
  for (const candidate of candidates) {
    estimatedReclaimBytes += candidate.estimatedReclaimBytes;
    const current = byKind[candidate.kind] ?? { count: 0, estimatedReclaimBytes: 0, estimatedReclaim: "0 B" };
    current.count += 1;
    current.estimatedReclaimBytes += candidate.estimatedReclaimBytes;
    current.estimatedReclaim = formatBytes(current.estimatedReclaimBytes);
    byKind[candidate.kind] = current;
  }
  const returnedEstimatedReclaimBytes = returnedCandidates.reduce((sum, candidate) => sum + candidate.estimatedReclaimBytes, 0);
  return {
    candidateCount: candidates.length,
    returnedCandidateCount: returnedCandidates.length,
    protectedCount: protectedItems.length,
    returnedProtectedCount: returnedProtectedItems.length,
    estimatedReclaimBytes,
    estimatedReclaim: formatBytes(estimatedReclaimBytes),
    returnedEstimatedReclaimBytes,
    returnedEstimatedReclaim: formatBytes(returnedEstimatedReclaimBytes),
    byKind,
    target: targetSummary(diskBefore, options, estimatedReclaimBytes),
  };
}

function targetSummary(diskBefore: DiskSnapshot | null, options: GcOptions, estimatedReclaimBytes: number): GcTargetSummary | null {
  if (diskBefore === null || options.targetUsePercent === null) return null;
  const dfEffectiveBytes = Math.max(1, diskBefore.usedBytes + diskBefore.availableBytes);
  const targetUsedBytes = Math.floor(dfEffectiveBytes * (options.targetUsePercent / 100));
  const requiredReclaimBytes = Math.max(0, diskBefore.usedBytes - targetUsedBytes);
  const estimatedAfterUsedBytes = Math.max(0, diskBefore.usedBytes - estimatedReclaimBytes);
  const estimatedAfterUsePercent = Math.ceil((estimatedAfterUsedBytes / dfEffectiveBytes) * 100);
  const shortfallBytes = Math.max(0, requiredReclaimBytes - estimatedReclaimBytes);
  return {
    targetUsePercent: options.targetUsePercent,
    currentUsePercent: diskBefore.usePercent,
    basis: "df-used-over-used-plus-available",
    requiredReclaimBytes,
    requiredReclaim: formatBytes(requiredReclaimBytes),
    estimatedAfterUsedBytes,
    estimatedAfterUsePercent,
    shortfallBytes,
    shortfall: formatBytes(shortfallBytes),
    safeStop: shortfallBytes > 0,
  };
}

function returnedRunResults(results: GcRunResult["results"], options: GcOptions): GcRunResult["results"] {
  if (options.full) return results;
  const failed = results.filter((item) => item.status === "failed");
  const succeeded = results.filter((item) => item.status === "succeeded");
  return [...failed, ...succeeded].slice(0, options.resultLimit);
}

function collectFiles(root: string): Array<{ path: string; sizeBytes: number; mtimeMs: number }> {
  const result: Array<{ path: string; sizeBytes: number; mtimeMs: number }> = [];
  const visit = (dir: string): void => {
    let entries;
    try {
      entries = readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true });
    } catch {
      return;
    }
    for (const entry of entries) {
      const path = join(dir, entry.name);
      try {
        const stat = lstatSync(path);
        if (entry.isDirectory()) {
          visit(path);
        } else if (entry.isFile()) {
          result.push({ path, sizeBytes: stat.size, mtimeMs: stat.mtimeMs });
        }
      } catch {
        // Ignore paths that disappear while gc is planning.
      }
    }
  };
  visit(root);
  return result;
}

function isPlainDirectory(path: string): boolean {
  try {
    const stat = lstatSync(path);
    return stat.isDirectory() && !stat.isSymbolicLink();
  } catch {
    return false;
  }
}

function safePathSize(path: string, timeoutMs = DEFAULT_PATH_SIZE_TIMEOUT_MS): number {
  return pathSizeFromDu(path, timeoutMs) ?? 0;
}

function pathSizeFromDu(path: string, timeoutMs: number): number | null {
  try {
    const stat = lstatSync(path);
    if (stat.isFile() || stat.isSymbolicLink()) return stat.size;
    if (!stat.isDirectory()) return null;
  } catch {
    return null;
  }
  const result = command(["du", "-sb", "--one-file-system", "--", path], timeoutMs);
  if (result.exitCode !== 0 || result.timedOut) return null;
  const rawSize = result.stdout.trim().split(/\s+/u)[0] ?? "";
  const sizeBytes = Number(rawSize);
  return Number.isFinite(sizeBytes) && sizeBytes >= 0 ? sizeBytes : null;
}

function safeFileSize(path: string): number {
  try {
    return statSync(path).size;
  } catch {
    return 0;
  }
}

function protectedPathSize(path: string, options: GcOptions): number | undefined {
  return options.full ? safePathSize(path) : undefined;
}

function protectedFileSize(path: string, options: GcOptions): number | undefined {
  return options.full ? safeFileSize(path) : undefined;
}

function resolvePath(path: string): string {
  return path.startsWith("/") ? path : rootPath(path);
}

function rootDiskSnapshot(): DiskSnapshot | null {
  const result = command(["df", "-B1", "-P", "/"], 5000);
  if (result.exitCode !== 0) return null;
  const line = result.stdout.trim().split(/\r?\n/u)[1];
  if (!line) return null;
  const parts = line.trim().split(/\s+/u);
  if (parts.length < 6) return null;
  return {
    filesystem: parts[0] ?? "",
    sizeBytes: Number(parts[1]),
    usedBytes: Number(parts[2]),
    availableBytes: Number(parts[3]),
    usePercent: Number((parts[4] ?? "0").replace("%", "")),
    mount: parts[5] ?? "/",
  };
}

function dockerContainers(): Array<{ id: string; name: string; image: string; logPath: string }> {
  const ps = command(["docker", "ps", "-qa", "--no-trunc"], 5000);
  if (ps.exitCode !== 0 || ps.stdout.trim().length === 0) return [];
  const ids = ps.stdout.trim().split(/\s+/u);
  const inspect = command(["docker", "inspect", ...ids], 10000);
  if (inspect.exitCode !== 0 || inspect.stdout.trim().length === 0) return [];
  try {
    const parsed = JSON.parse(inspect.stdout) as unknown;
    if (!Array.isArray(parsed)) return [];
    return parsed.map((item) => {
      const record = item as Record<string, unknown>;
      const config = typeof record.Config === "object" && record.Config !== null ? record.Config as Record<string, unknown> : {};
      return {
        id: String(record.Id ?? ""),
        name: String(record.Name ?? "").replace(/^\//u, ""),
        image: String(config.Image ?? record.Image ?? ""),
        logPath: String(record.LogPath ?? ""),
      };
    }).filter((item) => item.id.length > 0);
  } catch {
    return [];
  }
}

function parseJournalUsage(text: string): number | null {
  const match = text.match(/take up\s+([0-9.]+)\s*([KMGT]?)(?:i?B|B)?/iu);
  if (!match) return null;
  const value = Number(match[1]);
  const unit = (match[2] ?? "").toUpperCase();
  const multiplier = unit === "T" ? 1024 ** 4 : unit === "G" ? 1024 ** 3 : unit === "M" ? 1024 ** 2 : unit === "K" ? 1024 : 1;
  return Math.floor(value * multiplier);
}

function parseDockerSystemDfBuildCache(text: string): { sizeBytes: number; reclaimableBytes: number } | null {
  for (const line of text.split(/\r?\n/u)) {
    if (!line.startsWith("Build Cache")) continue;
    const match = line.trim().match(/^Build Cache\s+\S+\s+\S+\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)/u);
    if (!match) continue;
    const sizeBytes = parseDockerHumanSize(match[1] ?? "");
    const reclaimableBytes = parseDockerHumanSize(match[2] ?? "");
    if (sizeBytes === null || reclaimableBytes === null) return null;
    return { sizeBytes, reclaimableBytes };
  }
  return null;
}

function parseDockerHumanSize(raw: string): number | null {
  const cleaned = raw.replace(/\(.+$/u, "");
  const match = cleaned.match(/^([0-9.]+)\s*([KMGT]?B)$/iu);
  if (!match) return null;
  const value = Number(match[1]);
  const unit = match[2]?.toUpperCase();
  const multiplier = unit === "TB" ? 1000 ** 4 : unit === "GB" ? 1000 ** 3 : unit === "MB" ? 1000 ** 2 : unit === "KB" ? 1000 : 1;
  return Math.floor(value * multiplier);
}

function command(commandArgs: string[], timeoutMs: number): { exitCode: number | null; stdout: string; stderr: string; timedOut: boolean } {
  const result = spawnSync(commandArgs[0], commandArgs.slice(1), {
    cwd: repoRoot,
    encoding: "utf8",
    maxBuffer: 1024 * 1024 * 8,
    timeout: timeoutMs,
  });
  const error = result.error as (Error & { code?: string }) | undefined;
  return {
    exitCode: result.status,
    stdout: result.stdout ?? "",
    stderr: result.stderr ?? error?.message ?? "",
    timedOut: error?.code === "ETIMEDOUT",
  };
}

function boundedCommandOutput(result: { stdout: string; stderr: string; exitCode: number | null; timedOut: boolean }): unknown {
  return {
    exitCode: result.exitCode,
    timedOut: result.timedOut,
    stdoutTail: result.stdout.slice(-2000),
    stderrTail: result.stderr.slice(-2000),
  };
}

function formatBytes(bytes: number): string {
  const units = ["B", "KiB", "MiB", "GiB", "TiB"];
  let value = Math.max(0, bytes);
  let unitIndex = 0;
  while (value >= 1024 && unitIndex < units.length - 1) {
    value /= 1024;
    unitIndex += 1;
  }
  return `${value >= 10 || unitIndex === 0 ? value.toFixed(0) : value.toFixed(1)} ${units[unitIndex]}`;
}