diff --git a/src/mgr/provider-profiles.ts b/src/mgr/provider-profiles.ts
index 758f04e..acbee2c 100644
--- a/src/mgr/provider-profiles.ts
+++ b/src/mgr/provider-profiles.ts
@@ -56,8 +56,12 @@ export async function setProviderProfileCredential(profileValue: string, body: u
   const delegatedBy = delegatedBySummary(record.delegatedBy);
   const rendered = renderCredential(apiKey, await renderedConfigForWrite(profile, record, options));
   const namespace = profileNamespace(options);
-  const secretPatch: JsonRecord = {
+  const secretManifest: JsonRecord = {
+    apiVersion: "v1",
+    kind: "Secret",
     metadata: {
+      name: spec.defaultSecretName,
+      namespace,
       labels: {
         "app.kubernetes.io/part-of": "agentrun",
         "agentrun.pikastech.local/profile": profile,
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ export async function setProviderProfileCredential(profileValue: string, body: u
       "config.toml": base64Data(rendered.config.configToml),
     },
   };
-  const applied = await kubectlPatchSecret(spec.defaultSecretName, namespace, secretPatch, options.kubectlCommand ?? "kubectl");
+  const applied = await kubectlReplaceOrCreateSecret(secretManifest, options.kubectlCommand ?? "kubectl");
   return {
     action: "provider-profile-credential-updated",
     mutation: true,
@@ -419,12 +423,22 @@ async function kubectlGetSecret(name: string, namespace: string, kubectlCommand:
   return parseKubectlObject(result.stdout, "secret");
 }
 
-async function kubectlPatchSecret(name: string, namespace: string, patch: JsonRecord, kubectlCommand: string): Promise<JsonRecord> {
-  const result = await runKubectl(kubectlCommand, ["patch", "secret", name, "-n", namespace, "--type", "merge", "--patch-file", "/dev/stdin", "-o", "json"], `${JSON.stringify(patch)}\n`);
-  if (result.code !== 0) {
-    throw new AgentRunError("infra-failed", `kubectl patch provider profile secret ${namespace}/${name} failed with code ${result.code}`, { httpStatus: 502, details: redactJson({ stderr: redactText(result.stderr.slice(-2000)), stdout: redactText(result.stdout.slice(-1000)) }) });
+async function kubectlReplaceOrCreateSecret(manifest: JsonRecord, kubectlCommand: string): Promise<JsonRecord> {
+  const name = stringPath(manifest, ["metadata", "name"]) ?? "<unknown>";
+  const namespace = stringPath(manifest, ["metadata", "namespace"]) ?? defaultNamespace;
+  const replace = await runKubectl(kubectlCommand, ["replace", "-f", "-", "-o", "json"], `${JSON.stringify(manifest)}\n`);
+  if (replace.code === 0) return parseKubectlObject(replace.stdout, "replaced secret", { redactSecretData: true });
+
+  const replaceFailure = `${replace.stderr}\n${replace.stdout}`;
+  if (!/notfound|not found|not-found/iu.test(replaceFailure)) {
+    throw new AgentRunError("infra-failed", `kubectl replace provider profile secret ${namespace}/${name} failed with code ${replace.code}`, { httpStatus: 502, details: redactJson({ stderr: redactText(replace.stderr.slice(-2000)), stdout: redactText(replace.stdout.slice(-1000)) }) });
   }
-  return parseKubectlObject(result.stdout, "patched secret", { redactSecretData: true });
+
+  const create = await runKubectl(kubectlCommand, ["create", "-f", "-", "-o", "json"], `${JSON.stringify(manifest)}\n`);
+  if (create.code !== 0) {
+    throw new AgentRunError("infra-failed", `kubectl create provider profile secret ${namespace}/${name} failed with code ${create.code}`, { httpStatus: 502, details: redactJson({ stderr: redactText(create.stderr.slice(-2000)), stdout: redactText(create.stdout.slice(-1000)) }) });
+  }
+  return parseKubectlObject(create.stdout, "created secret", { redactSecretData: true });
 }
 
 async function runKubectl(kubectlCommand: string, args: string[], stdin?: string): Promise<{ code: number | null; signal: NodeJS.Signals | null; stdout: string; stderr: string }> {
diff --git a/src/selftest/cases/45-provider-profile-management.ts b/src/selftest/cases/45-provider-profile-management.ts
index e46cd85..3a9ab47 100644
--- a/src/selftest/cases/45-provider-profile-management.ts
+++ b/src/selftest/cases/45-provider-profile-management.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const selfTest: SelfTestCase = async (context) => {
   }
 
   const fakeKubectl = path.join(context.tmp, "fake-provider-kubectl.js");
-  const patchedSecretPath = path.join(context.tmp, "provider-secret-patch.json");
+  const replacedSecretPath = path.join(context.tmp, "provider-secret-replace.json");
   const createdJobPath = path.join(context.tmp, "provider-validation-job.json");
   await writeFile(fakeKubectl, `#!/usr/bin/env bun
 const args = Bun.argv.slice(2);
@@ -36,11 +36,15 @@ if (args[0] === "apply") {
   process.exit(1);
 }
 if (args[0] === "patch" && args[1] === "secret") {
+  console.error("provider credential updates must not use kubectl patch --patch-file");
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+if (args[0] === "replace") {
   const text = await readStdin();
-  await Bun.write(${JSON.stringify(patchedSecretPath)}, JSON.stringify({ args, patch: JSON.parse(text) }, null, 2));
-  const patch = JSON.parse(text);
-  const annotations = patch.metadata?.annotations ?? {};
-  console.log(JSON.stringify({ apiVersion: "v1", kind: "Secret", metadata: { name: args[2], namespace: args[4], resourceVersion: "rv-patched", annotations } }));
+  await Bun.write(${JSON.stringify(replacedSecretPath)}, JSON.stringify({ args, manifest: JSON.parse(text) }, null, 2));
+  const manifest = JSON.parse(text);
+  const annotations = manifest.metadata?.annotations ?? {};
+  console.log(JSON.stringify({ apiVersion: "v1", kind: "Secret", metadata: { name: manifest.metadata.name, namespace: manifest.metadata.namespace, resourceVersion: "rv-replaced", annotations } }));
   process.exit(0);
 }
 if (args[0] === "create") {
@@ -81,17 +85,20 @@ process.exit(1);
       reason: "self-test",
     }) as JsonRecord;
     assert.equal(updated.profile, "deepseek");
-    assert.equal(updated.resourceVersion, "rv-patched");
+    assert.equal(updated.resourceVersion, "rv-replaced");
     assert.equal(updated.requiresExternalBridgeUpdate, true);
     assert.equal(JSON.stringify(updated).includes(secretText), false);
     assertNoSecretLeak(updated);
-    const patchRecord = JSON.parse(await readFile(patchedSecretPath, "utf8")) as JsonRecord;
-    const patchArgs = patchRecord.args as string[];
-    assert.deepEqual(patchArgs, ["patch", "secret", "agentrun-v01-provider-deepseek", "-n", "agentrun-v01", "--type", "merge", "--patch-file", "/dev/stdin", "-o", "json"]);
-    const secretPatch = patchRecord.patch as JsonRecord;
-    const annotations = (secretPatch.metadata as JsonRecord).annotations as JsonRecord;
+    const replaceRecord = JSON.parse(await readFile(replacedSecretPath, "utf8")) as JsonRecord;
+    const replaceArgs = replaceRecord.args as string[];
+    assert.deepEqual(replaceArgs, ["replace", "-f", "-", "-o", "json"]);
+    const secretManifest = replaceRecord.manifest as JsonRecord;
+    assert.equal(secretManifest.kind, "Secret");
+    assert.equal(((secretManifest.metadata as JsonRecord).name), "agentrun-v01-provider-deepseek");
+    assert.equal(((secretManifest.metadata as JsonRecord).namespace), "agentrun-v01");
+    const annotations = (secretManifest.metadata as JsonRecord).annotations as JsonRecord;
     assert.equal(annotations["kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration"], null);
-    const data = secretPatch.data as JsonRecord;
+    const data = secretManifest.data as JsonRecord;
     const authJson = Buffer.from(String(data["auth.json"]), "base64").toString("utf8");
     const configToml = Buffer.from(String(data["config.toml"]), "base64").toString("utf8");
     assert.equal(authJson.includes(secretText), true);
@@ -122,7 +129,7 @@ process.exit(1);
     assert.equal(finalValidation.status, "completed");
     assert.equal(JSON.stringify(finalValidation).includes(secretText), false);
     assertNoSecretLeak(finalValidation);
-    return { name: "provider-profile-management", tests: ["provider-profiles-list-redacted", "provider-profile-set-key-redacted", "provider-profile-secret-patch-no-last-applied", "provider-profile-deepseek-moon-bridge", "provider-profile-manager-secret-rbac", "provider-profile-validation-runner-job"] };
+    return { name: "provider-profile-management", tests: ["provider-profiles-list-redacted", "provider-profile-set-key-redacted", "provider-profile-secret-upsert-no-last-applied", "provider-profile-deepseek-moon-bridge", "provider-profile-manager-secret-rbac", "provider-profile-validation-runner-job"] };
   } finally {
     await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.server.close(() => resolve()));
   }